以下是小编整理的高中英语语法教案(合集11篇)，欢迎阅读与收藏。
高中英语语法教案1
词法
第1章 主谓一致
一.概念:
主谓一致是指：
1） 语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2） 意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3） 就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，
一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。例如：
There is much water in the thermos.
但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
二.相关知识点精讲
1.并列结构作主语时谓语用复数，例如：
Reading and writing are very important. 读写很重要。
注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如：
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。
典型例题
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
答案B. 注： 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A.，C。本题易误选D，因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但仔细辨别，monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B。
2. 主谓一致中的靠近原则
1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如：
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十个男孩，二十三个女孩。
2）当either… or… 与neither… nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。例如：
Either you or she is to go. 不是你去，就是她去。
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 给你笔、信封和纸。
3.谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词组成的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。例如：
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教师和一些学生在参观工厂。
He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去划船。
4. 谓语需用单数的情况
1）代词each以及由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语时，或主语中含有each, every时, 谓语需用单数。例如：
Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我们每人都有录音机。
There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表坏了。
2）当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。例如：
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书。
3）表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。例如：
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三个星期来做准备。
Ten yuan is enough. 十元够了。
5.指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1）代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。例如：
All is right. 一切顺利。
All are present. 人都到齐了。
2）集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后，谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如：
His family isn"t very large. 他家成员不多。
His family are music lovers. 他家个个都是音乐爱好者。
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如：
Are there any police around? 附近有警察吗？
3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。例如：
A number of +名词复数+复数动词。
The number of +名词复数+单数动词。
A number of books have lent out.
The majority of the students like English.
6.与后接名词或代词保持一致的情况
1）用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主语时，谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如：
Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的钱化在书上了。
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分学生积极参与体育运动。
2）用a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。例如： A series of accidents has been reported. 媒体报道了一连串的事故。
A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 炉边有一堆木柴。
3）如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的短语作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例如：
Many a person has read the novel. 许多人读过这本书。
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市。
三.巩固练习
（ ） 1. The number of people invited ______ fifty, but a number of them _______ absent for different reasons.
A. were, was B. was, was
C. was, were D. were, were
（ ） 2. E-mail, as well as telephones, ________ an important part in daily communication.
A. is playingB. have played
C. are playing D. play
（ ） 3. ______ of the land in that district ______ covered with trees and grass.
A. Two fifth, is B. Two fifth, are
C. Two fifths, is D. Two fifths, are
（ ） 4. Ten minutes ______ a long time for one who waits.
A. seem B. seems
C. seemed D. are seemed
（ ） 5. Eric is the only one of the boys who _____ a driving license.
A. hasB. have
C. is having D. are having’
（ ） 6. Joy and Sorrow _____ next-door neighbours.
A. is B. are C. were D. be
（ ）7. In my opinion, some of the news _____ unbelievable.
A. are B. is C. has beenD. have been
（ ）8. When ______ the United Nations founded?
A. is B. are C. was D. were
（ ）9. Every possible means _____ .
A. has tried B. has been tried
C. was tried D. were tried
（ ） 10. What she says and does _____ nothing to do with me.
A. wasB. were C. has D. have
（ ）11. There _____ a dictionary and several books on the desk.
A. are B. must C. have been D. is
（ ）12. Nobody ______ seen the film. It’s a pity.
A. but Tom and Jack have B. except Tom and Jack have
C. but my friends has D. but I have
（ ）13. No teacher and no student ______．
A. are admitted B. is admitted
C. are admitting D. is admitting
（ ）14. All but one ______ here just now.
A. is B. was C. has been D. were
（ ）15. When and where to build the new factory _____ yet.
A. is not decided B. are not decided
C. has not decided D. have not decided
（ ） 16. The writer and singer ______ here.
A. is B. are C. were D. do
（ ） 17. As I have a meeting at four, ten minutes _____ all that I can spare to talk with you.
A. are B. was C. is D. were
（ ） 18. In those days John with his classmates _____ kept busy preparing for the exam.
A. is B. are
C. was D. were
（ ） 19. -- ____ your clothes?
--No, mine _____ hanging over there.
A. Is it, is B. Are these, are
C. Is it, are D. Are these, is
（ ） 20. The Smith’s family, which ____ rather a large one, ____ very fond of their old houses.
A. were, were B. was, was
C. were, was D. was, were
（ ） 21. What the teacher and the students want to say _____ that either of the countries ____ beautiful.
A. are, are B. is, is
C. are, isD. is, are
（ ） 22. He is the only one of the students who _____ a winner of scholarship for three years.
A. is B. are
C. have been D. has been
（ ） 23. _____ of my brothers are reporters. Covering events, meetings, or sports meetings ______ their duty.
A. Each, are B. Both, is
C. Neither, are D. None, is
（ ） 24. -- What do you think of the ______ of the coat?
-- It’s rather high. You can buy a cheaper one in that shop.
A. value B. cost C. price D. use
（ ） 25. -- Are the two answers correct?
-- No, ______ correct.
A. no one is B. both are not
C. neither is D. either is not
（ ） 26. The wind, together with rain and fog, _____ making sailing difficult.
A. have been B. was
C. / D/ are
四.答案
1.C 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. C 11. D 12. C 13. B 14. D 15. A 16. A 17. C 18. C 19. B 20. D 21. B 22. D 23. B 24. C 25. C 26. B
高中英语语法教案2
A. 英语中名词可以分为四类：
普通名词：
dog狗man男人table桌子
专有名词：
France法兰西Madrid马德里Mrs Smith史密斯夫人 Tom汤姆
抽象名词：
beauty美丽 charity慈善courage勇气 fear恐惧joy快乐
集合名词：
crowd人群flock畜群group组swarm大群team队
B. 名词的用途有：
作动词的主语：
Tom arrived．
汤姆到了。
作be，become，seem等系动词的表语：
Tom is an actor．
汤姆是个演员。
作动词的宾语：
I saw Tom．
我看到了汤姆。
作介词的宾语：
I spoke to Tom．
我跟汤姆说话。
名词也可以所有格形式出现：
Tom’s books汤姆的书
高中英语语法教案3
谈英语学习策略
每一个中学生都希望自己的英语学习是高效的，但是，在实际学习过程中，不同学生的学习效率却总是有高低之分。老师面对这些学习效率不同的学生终归要有某种解释，此类解释通常是：基础较差，学习不努力，上课不能专心听讲，等等。
其实，这类解释是不能从根本上解决问题的，因为，它们过于笼统。一个基础差的学生听了这样的解释之后，仍然不知道如何使自己的基础好起来。事实表明，很多英语学习成绩欠佳的学生都曾经尝试过努力学习，结果，他们这样的尝试没能成功。由此可见，在基础较差、学习不努力、上课不能专心听讲一类解释的背后还有更加根本的原因。
所谓更加根本的原因是什么呢？这正是本文探讨的问题，即学习策略问题。
什么是学习策略？
通俗地讲，学习策略就是我们平时所说的学习方法。但是，不少中学生会说：我们几乎每学期都在听老师讲学习方法，可是，我们的学习状况并没有因此而发生根本的改变。我必须承认：情况确实如此。老师告诉学生：你们要注意学习方法。这样的告诫或教导可能太多了，然而，重要的不是老师的告诫或教导，而是学生自己的实际体验；重要的不是老师对学习方法的笼统介绍，而是学生所接受的具有实际内容和指标的训练。
高中英语语法教案4
一.概念
主谓一致是指：
1) 语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2) 意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3) 就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，
一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。例如：
There is much water in the thermos.
但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
二.相关知识点精讲
1.并列结构作主语时谓语用复数，例如：
Reading and writing are very important. 读写很重要。
注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如：
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。
典型例题
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
答案B. 注： 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A.，C。本题易误选D，因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但仔细辨别，monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B。
2. 主谓一致中的靠近原则
1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如：
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十个男孩，二十三个女孩。
2)当either... or... 与neither... nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。例如：
Either you or she is to go. 不是你去，就是她去。
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 给你笔、信封和纸。
3.谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词组成的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。例如：
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教师和一些学生在参观工厂。
He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去划船。
4. 谓语需用单数的情况
1)代词each以及由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语时，或主语中含有each, every时, 谓语需用单数。例如：
Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我们每人都有录音机。
There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表坏了。
2)当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。例如：
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书。
3)表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。例如：
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三个星期来做准备。
Ten yuan is enough. 十元够了。
5.指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1)代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。例如：
All is right.一切顺利。
All are present.人都到齐了。
2)集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后，谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如：
His family isn"t very large. 他家成员不多。
His family are music lovers.他家个个都是音乐爱好者。
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如：
Are there any police around? 附近有警察吗?
3)有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。例如：
A number of +名词复数+复数动词。
The number of +名词复数+单数动词。
A number of books have lent out.
The majority of the students like English.
6.与后接名词或代词保持一致的情况
1)用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主语时，谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如：
Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的钱化在书上了。
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分学生积极参与体育运动。
2)用a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。例如： A series of accidents has been reported. 媒体报道了一连串的事故。
A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 炉边有一堆木柴。
3)如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的短语作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than... of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例如：
Many a person has read the novel.许多人读过这本书。
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市。
看过高中英语语法的人还看了：
1.高中英语语法总结
2.高中英语语法点总结
3.高中英语语法的难度较大,掌握需要技巧
4.高中英语语法教学的反思范文
5.高中英语语法教学之反思
高中英语语法教案5
中学语法大全 代词
目录
人称代词的用法 2
人称代词之主、宾格的替换 2
代词的指代问题 3
并列人称代词的排列顺序 3
物主代词 4
双重所有格 4
反身代词 4
相互代词 5
指示代词 6
疑问代词 7
关系代词 8
every, no, all, both,... 9
none, few, some, any,... 10
代词比较辩异one, that和it 11
one/another/the other 11
“the”的妙用 12
anyone/any one;... 12
both, either, neither,... 13
many, much 14
few, little, a few,... 14
2.1 人称代词的用法
1）人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语，例如：
John waited a while but eventually he went home.
约翰等了一会儿，最后他回家了。
John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.
约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽，还真是她。
说明：在复合句中，如果主句和从句主语相同，代词主语要用在从句中，名词主语用在主句中，例如：
When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.
约翰一到就直接去银行了。
2）人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语，但在口语中也能作主语补语，第一人称在省略句中，还可以作主语，例如：
I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.
我看到她和他们在一起，至少我认为是她。（her做宾 语，them做介词宾语，her作主语补语）
a. -- Who broke the vase? --谁打碎了花瓶？
b. -- Me. --我。（me作主语补语= It"s me.）
说明：在上面两例句中，her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格，在正式文体中这里应为she和I。
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2.2 人称代词之主、宾格的替换
1) 宾格代替主格
a.在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not 后，多用宾语。
---- I like English. --我喜欢英语。
---- Me too. --我也喜欢。
---- Have more wine? --再来点酒喝吗?
---- Not me. --我可不要了。
b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中，常用宾格代替主格。 但如果比较状语的谓语保留，则主语只能用主格。
He is taller than I/me.
He is taller than I am.
2) 主格代替宾格
a. 在介词but，except 后，有时可用主格代替宾格。
b. 在电话用语中常用主格。
---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和玛丽通话。
---- This is she. --我就是玛丽。
注意：在动词be 或to be 后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。
I thought it was she. 我以为是她。(主格----主格)
I thought it to be her. (宾格----宾格)
I was taken to be she. 我被当成了她。 (主格----主格)
They took me to be her. 他们把我当成了她。 (宾格----宾格)
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2.3 代词的指代问题
1）不定代词 anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone， someone， everyone，no one， 及whoever和person在正式场合使用时，可用he, his, him代替。
Nobody came, did he? 谁也没来，是吗?
2）动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替，有时也用he, she，带有亲切的感情色彩。
Give the cat some food. She is hungry. 给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。
3）指代车或国家，船舶的名词，含感情色彩时常用she。
2.4 并列人称代词的排列顺序
1) 单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：
第二人称 －>第三人称 －>第一人称
you －>he/she; it ->I
You, he and I should return on time.
2) 复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：
第一人称 －>第二人称 －>第三人称
we －>you －>They
注意： 在下列情况中，第一人称放在前面。
a. 在承认错误，承担责任时，
It was I and John that made her angry.
是我和约翰惹她生气了。
b. 在长辈对晚辈，长官对下属说话时，如长官为第一人称， 如：I and you try to finish it.
c. 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时，
d. 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。
2.5 物主代词
1）物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用，例如：
John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.
约翰割破了手指，显而易见，他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。
物主代词有形容词性（my, your等）和名词性（mine, yours等）两种，形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。
名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的 --"s属格结构，例如：
Jack"s cap 意为 The cap is Jack"s.
His cap 意为 The cap is his.
2) 名词性物主代词的句法功能
a. 作主语，例如：
May I use your pen? Yours works better.
我可以用一用你的钢笔吗？ 你的比我的好用。
b. 作宾语，例如：
I love my motherland as much as you love yours.
我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。
c. 作介词宾语，例如：
Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.
你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话，而不能按你自己的意义去解释。
d. 作主语补语，例如：
The life I have is yours. It"s yours. It"s yours. 我的生命属于你，属于你，属于你。
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2.6 双重所有格
物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置，修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格。
公式为：
a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词。如：
a friend of mine.
each brother of his.
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2.7 反身代词
1） 列表
I you you she he
myself yourself yourselves herself himself
we they it one
ourselves themselves itself oneself
2）做宾语
a. 有些动词需有反身代词
absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave
We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我们昨晚玩得很开心。
Please help yourself to some fish. 请你随便吃点鱼。
b. 用于及物动词+宾语+介词
take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.
I could not dress (myself) up at that time. 那个时候我不能打扮我自己。
注：有些动词后不跟反身代词， get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。
Please sit down. 请坐。
3） 作表语； 同位语
be oneself: I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。
The thing itself is not important. 事情本身并不重要。
4） 在不强调的情况下，but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如：
No one but myself (me) is hurt.
注意：
a. 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。
(错) Myself drove the car.
(对) I myself drove the car. 我自己开车。
b. 但在and, or, nor连接的并列主语中，第二个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself 作主语。
Charles and myself saw it.
5）第二人称作宾语，要用反身代词。
You should be proud of yourself. 你应为自己感到骄傲。
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2.8 相互代词
1）相互代词只有each other和one another两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的，例如：
It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.
显而易见，不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的。
2） 相互代词的句法功能：
a. 作动词宾语；
People should love one another. 人们应当彼此相爱。
b. 可作介词宾语；
Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other. 吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。
说明：传统语法认为，相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other， 存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中，两组词交替使用的实例也很多，例如：
He put all the books beside each other.
他把所有书并列摆放起来。
He put all the books beside one another.
他把所有书并列摆放起来。
Usually these small groups were independent of each other.
这些小团体通常是相互独立的。
c. 相互代词可加-"s构成所有格，例如：
The students borrowed each other"s notes.
学生们互借笔记。
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2.9 指示代词
1） 指示代词分单数（this / that）和复数（these / those）两种形式，既可作限定词又可做代词，例如：
单数 复数
限定词：This girl is Mary. Those men are my
teachers.
代词： This is Mary. Those are my
teachers.
2) 指示代词的句法功能；
a. 作主语
This is the way to do it.
这事儿就该这样做。
b. 作宾语
I like this better than that.
我喜欢这个甚至那个。
c. 作主语补语
My point is this.
我的观点就是如此。
d. 作介词宾语
I don"t say no to that.
我并未拒绝那个。
There is no fear of that.
那并不可怕。
说明1：
指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人，但作其他句子成分时只能指物，不能指人，例如：
(对)That is my teacher. 那是我的老师。（ that作主语，指人）
(对)He is going to marry this girl. 他要和这个姑娘结婚。（this作限定词）
(错)He is going to marry this. （this作宾语时不能指人）
(对)I bought this. 我买这个。(this指物，可作宾语)
说明2：
That和those可作定语从句的先行词，但this和 these不能，同时，在作先行词时，只有those可指人，试比较：
(对) He admired that which looked beautiful. 他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。
(对) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。（those指人）
(错) He admired that who danced well. （that作宾语时不能指人）
(对) He admired those who danced well. 他赞赏跳舞好的人。（those指人）
(对) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。（those指物）
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2.10 疑问代词
1） 疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用，用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个：
指 人： who, whom, whose
指 物： what
既可指人又可指物： which
2） 疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前，没有性和数的变化，除who之外也没有格的变化。what, which, whose还可作限定词。试比较：
疑问代词：Whose are these books on the desk?
桌上的书是谁的？
What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion?
美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的？
限定词： Whose books are these on the desk?
桌上的书是谁的？
What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States? 哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国？
说明1：
无论是做疑问代词还是限定词，which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的，而which则指在一定的范围内，例如：
Which girls do you like best?
你喜欢哪几个姑娘？
What girls do you like best?
你喜欢什么样的姑娘？
说明2：
Whom是who的宾格，在书面语中，它作动词宾语或介词宾语，在口语中作宾语时，可用who代替，但在介词后只能用whom, 例如：
Who(m) did you meet on the street?
你在街上遇到了谁？（作动词宾语）
Who(m) are you taking the book to?
你要把这书带给谁？（作介词宾语，置句首）
To whom did you speak on the campus?
你在校园里和谁讲话了？（作介词宾语，置介词 后，不能用who取代。）
说明3：
疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时，过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首，现代英语中，疑问代词在句首，介词在句未，例如：
For what do most people live and work?
大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么？（旧文体）
What are you looking for?
你在找什么？（现代英语）
说明4：
疑问代词还可引导名词性从句，例如：
I can"t make out what he is driving at.
我不知道他用意何在。
Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?
你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗？
Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.
你说的我大部分同意，但并不完全赞同。
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2.11 关系代词
1） 关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词，同时在从句中作一定的句子成分，例如：The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. 跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。（该句中whom既代表先行词the girl，又在从句中作介词to的宾语。）
2） 关系代词有主格，宾格和属格之分，并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中，that 可指人也可指物，见下：
限定性 非限定性 限定性
指 人 指 物 指人或指物
主 格 who which that
宾 格 whom that that
属 格 whose of which/whose of which/whose
例如：
This is the pencil whose point is broken.
这就是那个折了尖的铅笔。
(whose 指物，在限定性定语从句中作定语)
He came back for the book which he had forgotten. 他回来取他丢下的书。
（which指物，在限定性定语从句中作宾语，可以省略）
3） 关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子，例如：
He said he saw me there, which was a lie.
他说在那儿看到了我，纯属谎言。
说明： 关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略， 例如：
I"ve forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.
我过去懂拉丁语，现在大都忘了。
He"s changed. He"s not the man he was.
他变化很大，已不是过去的他了。
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2.12 every, no, all, both,...
1）不定代词有
all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。
2） 不定代词的功能与用法
a. 除every 和no外不定代词既可用作名词，也可用作形容词。every和no在句中只能作定语。
I have no idea about it.
b. all 都，指三者以上。
all 的主谓一致：all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。
All goes well. 一切进展得很好。
all 通常不与可数名词单数连用，如：不说 all the book，而说 the whole book。
但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用，如 all day，all night，all the year； 但习惯上不说 all hour，all century。
all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用，如 all China， all the city， all my life， all the way
3) both 都，指两者。
a. both 与复数动词连用，但 both… and…可与单数名词连用。
b. both, all 都可作同位语，其位置在行为动词前， be 动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省 去，则位于助动词或情态动词之前。
Who can speak Japanese? We both (all) can.
4) neither 两者都不
a. neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
b. 作定语与单数名词连用，但neither… nor 用作并列连词，可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。
c. 可用于下列句型，避免重复。
She can"t sing，neither (can) he.
neither 与nor
d. 如前句是否定式从句，则主句用neither，而不用 nor。
If you don"t do it，neither should I. 如果你不干，我也不干。
e. 如后连续有几个否定句式，则用nor，不用neither。
He can"t sing，nor dance，nor skate.
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2.13 none, few, some, any,...
一、none 无
1) none作主语，多与of 构成短语 none of。 在答语中，none可单独使用。
Are there any pictures on the wall? None.
2) none作主语，谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语，则其单复数与表语一致。
It is none of your business.
二、few 一些，少数
few 作主语时，谓语动词用复数，多用于肯定句。
三、some 一些
1) 可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。
2) 当做“某一”解时，也可与单数名词连用。（= a certain）
You will be sorry for this some day.
总有一天，你会后悔这件事的。
A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule.
某些人不同意你的看法。
注意：
(1)在肯定疑问句中用some代替any。
(2)some用于其他句式中:
a. 肯定疑问句中：说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答时。
Would you like句式中，表委婉请求或建议，如：
Would you like some coffee?
b. 在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时，如：
If you need some help，let me know.
c. some位于主语部分,
Some students haven"t been there before.
d. 当否定的是整体中的部分时，some可用于否定句。如：
I haven"t heard from some of my old friends these years.
这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。
四、any 一些
1) any 多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。
当句中含有任何的意思时，any可用于肯定句。
Here are three novels. You may read any. 这有三本小说，你可任读一本。
五、one, ones 为复数形式
ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前，则用some, any，而不
用ones。
Have you bought any rulers? Yes，I "ve bought some.
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2.14 代词比较辩异one, that和it
one表示泛指，that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个，而it 与所指名词为同一个。
I can"t find my hat. I think I must buy one. (不定)
我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。
The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought. (同类但不同个)
你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。
I can"t find my hat. I don" t know where I put it. ( 同一物)
我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。
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2.15 one/another/the other
one… the other 只有两个
some… the others 有三个以上
one… another，another…
some… others，others…
others = other people/things
the others = the rest 剩余的全部
1) 泛指另一个用another。
2) 一定范围内两人(物)，一个用one，另一个用the other。
3) 一定范围内三者，一个用one，另一个用one (another)，第三个可用the other，a third。
4) 一定范围内，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用the others。
5) 泛指别的人或物时，用others当在一定范围内，除去一部分后，剩余部分但不是全部时，也用others。
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2.16 “the”的妙用
He is one of the students who help me.
He is the one of the students who helps me.
他是帮我的学生之一。
第一句定语从句与the students 一致。
第二句定语从句与the one 一致。
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2.17 anyone/any one;...
1．anyone 和 any one
anyone仅指人，any one既可指人，也可指物。
2．no one 和none
a) none 后跟of短语，既可指人又可指物，而no one只单独使用，只指人。
b) none 作主语，谓语动词用单，复数均可，而no one作主语谓语动词只能是单数。
None of you could lift it. 你们中没有人可举起它。
---- Did any one call me up just now? --刚才有人打电话给我吗?
---- No one.--没有。
3．every 和each
1) every 强调全体的概念， each强调个体概念。
Every student in our school works hard. 我们学校的学生都很用功。
Each student may have one book.. 每个学生都可有一本书。
2) every 指三个以上的人或物(含三个)，each指两个以上的人或物 (含两个)。
3) every 只作形容词，不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。
Every student has to take one.
Each boy has to take one.
Each of the boys has to take one.
4) every不可以作状语，each可作状语。
5) every 有反复重复的意思，如 every two weeks等； each没有。
6) every 与not 连用，表示部分否定； each 和not连用表示全部否定。
Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。
Each man is not honest. 这儿每个人都不诚实。
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2.18 both, either, neither,...
这些词都可用作代词或形容词。其位置都在be 动词之后，行为动词之前或第一助动词之后。
1) both (两者都)，either(两者中任何一个)， neither (两者都不)。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。
Neither of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都不聪明。
2) both，either
both与复数连用，either与单数连用。
Both the boys are clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。
Either of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。
There are flowers on both sides of the street.
(两岸)
There are flowers on either side of the street.
(岸的两边)
路边长满了野花。
3) all (所有的，全部的人或物)，any (任何一个)， none (都不)。 以上词使用范围为三者以上。
All the flowers are gone. 所有的花都谢了。
I don"t like any of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。
I like none of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。
注意：all与none用法一样。跟单数名词，用单数动词；跟复数名词，用复数动词。
All of the students are there.
所有的学生都在那。
All (of) the milk is there.
所有的牛奶都在那。
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2.19 many, much
Many，much都意为“许多”， many + 可数名词，much + 不可数名词。
How many people are there at the meeting?
How much time has we left?
Many of the workers were at the meeting.
Much of the time was spent on learning.
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2.20 few, little, a few,...
(a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词
a few / a little 为肯定含义，还有一点
few / little 为否定含义，没有多少了。
He has a few friends. 他有几个朋友。
He has few friends. 他几乎没有朋友。
We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。
There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。
典型例题:
Although he "s wealthy，he spends___ on clothes.
A. little B. few C. a little D. a few
答案： A. spend所指的是钱，不可数，只能用little或 a little. 本句为although引导的让步状语从句，由句意知后句为否定含义，因此应用little表示几乎不。
固定搭配:
only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many)
many a (=many)
Many books were sold.
Many a book was sold.
卖出了许多书。
中学语法大全 倒装
目录
倒装句之全部倒装 17
倒装句之部分倒装 17
以否定词开头作部分倒装 18
so, either, nor作部分倒装 18
only在句首要倒装的情况 19
as, though引导的倒装句 19
其他部分倒装 19
2.21 倒装句之全部倒装
全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和 一般过去时。常见的结构有：
1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。
There goes the bell.
Then came the chairman.
Here is your letter.
2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.
Ahead sat an old woman.
注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
Here he comes. Away they went.
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2.22 倒装句之部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
1) 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。
Never have I seen such a performance.
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。
注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。
I have never seen such a performance.
The mother didn"t leave the room until the child fell asleep.
典型例题
1) Why can"t I smoke here?
At no time___ in the meeting-room
A. is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted
C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit
答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.
2） Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.
A. man did know B. man know C. didn"t man know D. did man know
答案D. 看到Not until…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。
改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。
2.23 以否定词开头作部分倒装
如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than
Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.
典型例题
No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.
A. the game beganB. has the game begun
C. did the game begin D. had the game begun
答案D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but (also), no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when 等等。
注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。
Not only you but also I am fond of music.
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2.24 so, either, nor作部分倒装
表示“也”、“也不” 的句子要部分倒装。
Tom can speak French. So can Jack.
If you won"t go, neither will I.
典型例题
---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?
---I don"t know, _____.
A. nor don"t I care B. nor do I care C. I don"t care neither D. I don"t care also
答案：B. nor为增补意思“也不关心”，因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don"t 再次否定， C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。 D缺乏连词。
注意： 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为“的确如此”。
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
---It"s raining hard. ---So it is.
2.25 only在句首要倒装的情况
Only in this way, can you learn English well.
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.
2.26 as, though引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。
注意：
1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
注意:
让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。
2.27 其他部分倒装
1) so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
2) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中：
May you all be happy.
3) 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。
Were I you, I would try it again.
典型例题：
1） Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is
A. man did know B. man knew C. didn"t man know D. did man know
答案为D. 否定词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构。
2） Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.
A. didn"t I realize B. did I realize C. I didn"t realize D. I realize
答案为B。
3) Do you know Tom bought a new car?
I don"t know, ___.
A. nor don"t I care B. nor do I care
C. I don"t care neither D. I don"t care also
解析：答案为B. 句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示“也不”。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。
中学语法大全 定语从句
目录
定语从句 22
关系代词引导的定语从句 22
关系副词引导的定语从句 22
判断关系代词与关系副词 23
限制性和非限制性定语从句 24
介词+关系词 24
as,which非限定性定语从句 25
先行词和关系词二合一 25
what/whatever/that... 26
关系代词that的用法 26
2.28 定语从句
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有：when, where, why等。
2.29 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1）who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3）which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语）
2.30 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1）when, where, why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构，因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用，例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
2）that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+ which”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
2.31 判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I"ll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（对） I"ll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案：例1 D，例2 A
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。
2.32 限制性和非限制性定语从句
1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
2.33 介词+关系词
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2）that前不能有介词。
3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
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2.34 as, which非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one"s health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
典型例题
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。
3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B.
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。
在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。
As 的用法
例1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有"正如"。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one"s health.
As is know, smoking is harmful to one"s health.
As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。
2.35 先行词和关系词二合一
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.
(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.
(what 可以用all that代替)
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2.36 what/whatever/that...
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.
(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.
(what 可以用all that代替)
2.37 关系代词that的用法
1）不用that的情况
a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
(错) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介词后不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
b) 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。
d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.
e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。
举例：
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。
中学语法大全 动词不定式
目录
不定式作宾语 28
不定式作补语 28
不定式主语 30
It"s for sb/It"s of sb 30
不定式作表语 31
不定式作定语 31
不定式作状语 31
用作介词的to 32
省to 的动词不定式 32
动词不定式的否定式 33
不定式特殊句型too…to… 33
不定式特殊句型so as to 34
不定式特殊句型Why not 34
不定式的时态和语态 34
动名词与不定式 35
2.38 不定式作宾语
1) 动词+ 不定式
afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake
举例：
The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
I happen to know the answer to your question.
我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
2）动词+不定式 ； 动词+宾语+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。
3） 动词+疑问词+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can"t make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。
The question is how to put it into practice.
问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
2.39 不定式作补语
1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn
例句：
a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.
父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
b. We believe him to be guilty.
我们相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊用法：
Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。
I found him lying on the ground.
I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important.
典型例题:
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.
A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。
2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。
Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。
3) to be +形容词
Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean…
The book is believed to be uninteresting.
人们认为这本书没什么意思。
4) there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
We didn"t expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
注意 ： 有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider.
We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
2.40 不定式主语
1） It"s easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;
the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough
It"s so nice to hear your voice.
听到你的声音真高兴。
It"s necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。
2) It"s very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。
Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)
例句:
It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。
注意：1) 其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型
2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。
3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is… to…的句型
(对)To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。
(错)It is to believe to see.
2.41 It"s for sb/It"s of sb
1）for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：
It"s very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2）of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It"s very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
for 与of 的辨别方法：
用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：
You are nice. (通顺，所以应用of)。
He is hard. (人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)
2.42 不定式作表语
不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：
My work is to clean the room every day.
His dream is to be a doctor.
2.43 不定式作定语
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如：
I have a lot of work to do.
So he made some candles to give light.
2.44 不定式作状语
1）目的状语
To… only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。
What have I said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
3) 表原因
I"m glad to see you.
典型例题
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
答案：B. 如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于“形容词+动词不定式”结构的末尾。
2.45 用作介词的to
to 有两种用法： 一为不定式+动词原形； 一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种，即to+ 名词/动名词：
admit to承认， confess to承认，
be accustomed to习惯于， be used to习惯于， stick to 坚持， turn to开始，着手于， devote oneself to 献身于， be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望， pay attention to 注意
2.46 省to 的动词不定式
1） 情态动词 ( 除ought 外，ought to)：
2） 使役动词 let, have, make：
3） 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。
注意：在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。
I saw him dance.
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night.
=They were made to work the whole night.
4） would rather，had better：
5） Why… / why not…：
6） help 可带to，也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth：
7） but和except：but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。
8） 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：
9） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后，可以省去to be：
He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。
举例：
He wants to move to France and marry the girl.
He wants to do nothing but go out.
比较： He wants to do nothing but go out.
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
典型例题
1) ---- I usually go there by train.
---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
答案：D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式，因此选D。
2） Paul doesn"t have to be made ___. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
答案：B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省略。
返回顶端〉〉
2.47 动词不定式的否定式
Tell him not to shut the window…
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。
典型例题
1）Tell him ___ the window.
A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut
D. not shut
答案：B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth.
2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by.
A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see
D. having not seen
答案：A。 pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为pretend not to do sth.。
3）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never driver
C. never driving D. never drive
答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词never.
4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it
D. do not to
答案：A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有名词、代词等，否则不对，因此B，D不对。
5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat
D. not eating
答案：C。warn一词要求后用不定式，此处为不定式的被动，否定形式为be warned not to do。
2.48 不定式特殊句型too…to…
1）too…to 太…以至于…
He is too excited to speak.
他太激动了，说不出话来。
---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?
---- Well, I"m afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。
2) 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定， too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为“不太”。
It"s never too late to mend. (谚语)
改过不嫌晚。
3) 当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常… 等于very。
I"m only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
返回顶端〉〉
2.49 不定式特殊句型so as to
1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.
汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.
轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。
2) so kind as to ---劳驾
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?
劳驾，现在几点了。
2.50 不定式特殊句型Why not
“Why not +动词原形”表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：“为什么不……?” “干吗不……?”
例如：
Why not take a holiday?
干吗不去度假?
2.51 不定式的时态和语态
时态\\语态 主动被动
一般式to do to be done
进行式to be doing
完成式to have done to have been done
完成进行式 to have been doing
1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I"ll see you again. 我希望再见到你。
2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
I"m sorry to have given you so much trouble.
He seems to have caught a cold.
3) 进行时： 表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
He seems to be eating something.
4) 完成进行时：
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
2.52 动名词与不定式
1） 动名词与不定式的区别：
动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的
不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的
2） 接不定式或动名词，意义相同。
3） 动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组：
1 stop to dostop doing
2 forget to do forget doing
3 remember to do remember doing
4 regret to do regret doing
5 cease to do cease doing
6 try to do try doing
7 go on to do go on doing
8 afraid to do afraid doing
9 interested to do interested doing
10 mean to domean doing
11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing
中学语法大全 动词
目录
动词 37
系动词 38
什么是助动词 39
助动词be的用法 39
助动词have的用法 40
助动词do 的用法 40
助动词shall和will的用法 41
助动词should,would的用法 41
短语动词 42
非谓语动词 42
2.53 动词
1） 表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。
2） 根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词（Notional Verb）、系动词（Link Verb）、助动词（Auxiliary Verb）、情态动词（Modal Verb）。
说明：有些情况下，有些动词是兼类词，例如：
We are having a meeting. 我们正在开会。 （having是实义动词。）
He has gone to New York. 他已去纽约。
（has是助动词。）
3） 动词根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词（Transitive Verb）、不及物动词（Intransitive Verb），缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。
说明：同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。例如：
She can dance and sing.
她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物动词。）
She can sing many English songs.
她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物动词。）
4） 根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制，可分两类，分别是：限定动词（Finite Verb）、非限定动词（Non-finite Verb）例如：
She sings very well.
她唱得很好。（sing受主语she的限制，故用第三人称单数形式sings。）
She wants to learn English well.
她想学好英语。（to learn不受主语she的限制，没有词形变化，是非限定动词。
说明：英语中共有三种非限定动词，分别是：动词不定式（Infinitive）、动名词（Gerund）、分词（Participle）。
5) 根据动词的组成形式，可分为三类，分别是：单字词（One-Word Verb）、短语动词（Phrasal Verb）、动词短语（Verbal Phrase）例如：
The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.
英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。（contains是单字动词。）
Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.
学生们学会查字典。（look up是短语动词。）
The young ought to take care of the old.
年轻人应照料老人。（take care of是动词短语。）
6）动词有五种形态，分别是：原形（Original Form）、第三人称单数形式（Singular From in Third Personal）、过去式（Past Form）、过去分词（Past Participle）、现在分词（Present Participle）。
2.54 系动词
系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
说明：
有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语，例如：
He fell ill yesterday.
他昨天病了。（fell是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。）
He fell off the ladder.
他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词，单独作谓语。
1）状态系动词
用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：
He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）
2）持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：
He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
3）表像系动词
用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：
He looks tired. 他看起来很累。
He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。
4）感官系动词
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
这种布手感很软。
This flower smells very sweet.
这朵花闻起来很香。
5）变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
例如：
He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。
She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。
6）终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, trun out, 表达“证实”，“变成”之意，例如：
The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。
The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。
His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）
2.55 什么是助动词
1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。被协助的动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。
助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，例如：
He doesn"t like English. 他不喜欢英语。
（doesn"t是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义)
2） 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：
a. 表示时态，例如：
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已结婚。
b. 表示语态，例如：
He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。
c. 构成疑问句，例如：
Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗？
Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗？
d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，例如：
I don"t like him. 我不喜欢他。
e. 加强语气，例如：
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
3） 最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would
2.56 助动词be的用法
1） be +现在分词，构成进行时态，例如：
They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。
English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。
2) be + 过去分词，构成被动语态，例如：
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。
3） be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：
a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排，例如：
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。
We are to teach the freshpersons. 我们要教新生。
说明： 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
b. 表示命令，例如：
You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。
c. 征求意见，例如：
How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他？
Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢？
d. 表示相约、商定，例如：
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。
2.57 助动词have的用法
1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态，例如：
He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.
上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。
2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时，例如：
I have been studying English for ten years.
我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。
3）have+been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态，例如：
English has been taught in China for many years.
中国教英语已经多年。
2.58 助动词do 的用法
1） 构成一般疑问句，例如：
Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗？
Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗？
2） do + not 构成否定句，例如：
I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。
He doesn"t like to study. 他不想学习。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。
3) 构成否定祈使句，例如：
Don"t go there. 不要去那里。
Don"t be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。
说明： 构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。
4） 放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气，例如：
Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。
I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。
I do miss you. 我确实想你。
5） 用于倒装句，例如：
Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.
只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。
说明： 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6） 用作代动词，例如：
---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗？
---- Yes, I do. --是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.）
He knows how to drive a car, doesn"t he?
他知道如何开车，对吧？
2.59 助动词shall和will的用法
shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时，例如：
I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语。
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。
说明：
在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较:
He shall come. 他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）
He will come. 他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）
2.60 助动词should, would的用法
1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称，例如：
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.
我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。
比较：
“What shall I do next week?” I asked.
“我下周干什么？”我问道。（可以说，shall变成间接引语时，变成了should。）
2） would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称，例如：
He said he would come. 他说他要来。
比较：
“I will go,” he said. 他说：“我要去那儿。”
变成间接引语，就成了：
He said he would come.
原来的will变成would，go变成了come.。
2.61 短语动词
动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词（Phrasal Verb）。例如：
Turn off the radio. 把收音机关上。（turn off是短语动词）
短语动词的构成基本有下列几种：
1） 动词+副词，如：black out；
2） 动词+介词，如：look into；
3） 动词+副词+介词，如：look forward to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词（Particle）。
2.62 非谓语动词
在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。
1）不定式
时态\\语态 主动 被动
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
2）动名词
时态\\语态 主动 被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
3）分词
时态\\语态 主动 被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
否定形式： not +不定式， not + 动名词， not + 现在分词
高中英语语法教案6
名词
（一）概述
名词是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名称的词，可以说名词是万物之名称。它们可以是：
人的名字 Li Ming, Tom
地方名称 China, London
职业称呼 teacher, doctor
物品名称 pencil, dictionary
行为名称 study, invention
抽象概念 history, grammar
（二）普通名词和专有名词
1．普通名词
凡不属于特定的人名、地名、事物名称或概念名称的名词，都属于普通名词。这类名词在所有的名词中占绝大多数。普通名词大致有以下四种类型：
1）个体名词
个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或物。可以指具体的人或物，例如：
He has two aunts.
他有两个姑姑。
Most classrooms have computers.
多数教室里都有电脑。
也可指抽象东西，例如：
We’ve lived here for twenty years.
我们在这里住了二十年了。
I had a dream last night
我昨晚做了一个梦。
个体名词有复数形式，如：weeks, problems;单数形式可以和a/an连用，如：a week, a problem, an old man.
2）集体名词
集体名词表示由个体组成的集体，下面是一些常见的集体名词：
family（家，家庭） army（军队） company（公司；全体船员） enemy（敌人） government（政府）
group（小组，团体） public（公众） team（队；组） police（警方）
作单数看待 作复数看待
His family isn"t large.
他家人不多。
The government is planning to build a dam here.
政府打算在这里建一座水坝。
The public was unlikely to support it.
公众支持它的可能性不大。 His family are all music lovers.
他家的人都喜欢音乐。
The government are discussing the plan.
政府在讨论这个计划。
The public were deceived by the newspaper.
公众受到报纸的蒙骗。
集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待。一般说来，视为整体时作单数看待，想到它的成员时作复数看待：
例如：
有的集体名词通常用作单数，例如：
Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.
我们公司将派他去柏林工作。
有的集体名词多作复数看待。例如：
The police are looking for him.
警察正在找他。
3）物质名词
物质名词指无法分为个体的东西，我们学过的常见的物质名词有：
beer, cloth, coal, coffee, coke, cotton, ice, ink, jam, juice, meat, medicine, metal, milk, oil paper, rain, salad, salt, sand, snow, soup, steel, sugar, tea, water, wine, wood, wool等。
一般说来，物质名词是不可数折，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：
a．有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”，“一杯”：
Tree beers, please.
请来三杯啤酒。
A chocolate ice-cream for me.
给我一份巧克力冰淇淋。
b．有此物质名词可作可数名词，表示“一种”：
It was a special tea which tasted of orange blossoms.
这是一种特别的茶，有桔子花叶。
It was a delicious wine.
那是一种美味的红酒。
c．个别物质名词可用于复数形式或有特殊意义：
It was now the time of the spring rains.
现在是春天雨季的时候。
Here are the snows of last year.
这是去看的积雪。
d．抽象名词
抽象名词主要表示一些抽象概念，一般不可数，因此没有复形，前面也一般不加不定冠词a/an。常见的抽象名词有：
age, anger, beauty, childhood, death, duty, fear, fun, happiness, health, help, history, industry, joy, labour, love, luck, music, nature, peace, pleasure, power, safety, silence, sleep, time, training, travel, trust, truth, waste, weather, work, worth, youth等。
在多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。例如：
safety first!
安全第一！
It’s wonderful weather.
天气好极了。
但有时也加定冠词the,或不定冠词a/an.
例如：
I shall never forget the beauty of that lake.
我永远不会忘记那个湖的美丽。
There’s a beauty in simplicity.
朴实之中有一种美。
2．专有名词
专有名词主要指人名、地名及某些类人和事物专有的名称。例如：
1）人名：Mary, Mrs Green, Zhanghua
2）地名：Beijing, West Lake
3）某类人的名称：Americans, Russians
4）某些抽象事物的名称：English, Chinese
5）月份、周日及节日名称：May, Saturday, Easter
6）书名、电影及诗歌的名称：Cone with the Wind
7）对家人等的称呼：Mum, Dad, Uncle Tom
专有名词的第一个字母要大写。
（三）可数名词和不可数名词
名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数与不可数名词两类。可数名词有复数形式，不可数名词一般没有复数形式。
单数 复数
a country
a class
a sheep
a tomato countries
classes
sheep
tomatoes
普通名词中的个体名词和集体名词一般是可数的，所以它们又可称为可数名词。可数名词单数往往要同不定冠词a或an连用，复数则要使用其复数形式。例如：
普通名词中的物质名词和抽象名词及专有名词一般是不可数的，这些名词又可称为不可数名词。不可数名词不能用不定冠词修饰，也不存在复数形式，如ice (冰)，water (水), rice (稻子)等。
在英语中个别名词既可以作不可数名词，又可以作可数名词。但由于用法不同，它们的意思往往也不大相同，对这些名词要特别注意。
例如
作不可数名词 作可数名词
glass 玻璃
paper 纸张
time 时间
work 消息 玻璃杯；镜子；眼镜
报纸；文件；考卷
次数；时代
单词；话语
一般说来，汉语和英语对某一个名词是否可数的看法基本上是一致的。但也有不少名词在汉语中常被用作可数名词，而在英语中却绝对是不可数名词，对这些名词也要特别注意，发如：fun ，work ，advice ，weather ，homework ，news ，money ，information ，bread ，hair )，chalk ，furniture 等。
（四）可数名词复数形式的构成
可数名词的复数形式通常是在单数形式后加-s或-es，现将其复数的一般构成方法及读音列表如下：
情况 构成方法 例词 读音
一般情况 在词尾加-s desk→desks
map→maps -s在请辅音后发[s]音
day→days
girl→girls -s在元音私浊畏音后发[z]
以s, x, ch, sh结尾的词 在词尾加-es bus →buses
box→boxes
watch→watches
fish→fishes es发[iz]音
以辅音字母加y结尾的词 变y为I再加-es family→families
factory→factories
party→parties -ies发[iz]音
以元音字母y结尾的词 在词尾加-s day→days
boy→boys
key→keys -s发[z]音
以f或fe 结尾的词 变f或fe为v再加-es knife→knives
life→lives
wife→wives
half→halves -ves发[vz]音
以辅音字母加o结尾的词 在词尾加-es potato→potatoes
tomato→tomatoes
hero→heroes -es发[z]音
以元音字母加o结尾的词 在词尾加-s radio→radios
zoo→zoos -s发[z]音
少数以辅音字母加o结尾的名词变为复数时只加-s。如：photo→photos, piano→pianos 等。
有些以f结尾的名词变为复数时也只加-s。如：handkerchief→handkerchiefs, roof→roofs等。
英语中还有不少名词的复数形式是不规则的，必须把它们牢记在心。如：man→men, woman→women, Frenchman→Frenchmen, child→children, tooth→teeth, foot→feet, goose→geese, mouse→mice, sheep→sheep, deer→deer, fish→fish等。
（五）名词的所有格
在英语中，有些名词的词尾 可以加上’s，用来表示所有关系，这种结构称为名词的所有格。
1．名词所有格的构成
名词所有格的构成一般有以下三种情况：
1）如果名词是单数，只在词尾加’s。
例如：
the boy’s schoolbag 这男孩的书包
the worker’s shoes 这个二人的鞋
2）复数名词如果以s结尾，只加’（在s的右上角）即可
如：
the teachers’ office 老师们的办公室
the students’ classroom 学生们的教室
3）复数名词如果不以s结尾，则在词尾加’s
如：
Women’s Day 妇女节
the People’s Park 人民公园
2．名词所有格的用法
名词的所有格主要有以下五种用法：
1）表示人成动物与其他的人、动物或事物的所有关系。
例如：
He is Mary’s younger brother.
他是玛丽的弟弟。
They are reading Lei Feng’s Diaries.
他们在读雷锋的日记。
2）表示时间、距离、国家、城市等名词与其他事物的所有关系。
例如：
Our school is half an hour’s walk from here.
我们学校离这儿步行有半小时的距离。
Beijing is China’s capital.
北京是中国的首都。
3）表示无生命东西的名词的所有关系，一般使用与of构成的短语结构。
例如：
The front door of the house was painted red.
那屋子的前门被漆成了红色。
There is a map of the world on the front wall of our classroom.
我们教室前面的墙上有一幅世界地图。
4）名词所有格后面跟地点，往往要将地点名词省略。
例如：
My sister often goes to my uncle’s.
我的妹妹经常到我叔叔家去。
You look ill. You’d better go to the doctor’s.
你脸色不好，最好去看看病。
5）被名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提出到过，一般可以省略。
例如：
I am using my dictionary. You can use Tom’s.
我们字典我正在用，你可以用汤姆的。
Our bedroom is much larger than John and Dick’s.
我们的寝室比约翰私迪克的大得多，
（六）可数名词和不可数名词的数量表达
1．两种名词都有能修饰的数量词有：some, any, plenty of, a lot of, lots of等。
例如：
Please give me some paper.
请给我一些纸。
I don’t want to borrow any magazines.
我不想借什么杂志。
2．用来修饰可数名词的数量词有：many, several. hundreds of, a number of, a pair of, a few, few等。
例如：
You have made quite a few spelling mistakes in your composition.
你的俄文中有很多拼写错误。
Several days later, a group of students went to help the old man.
几天以后，一群学生去帮助了那位老人。
3．用来修饰不可数名词的数量词有：much, a great deal of, a bit of, a drop of, a piece of, quite a little, little,等。
例如：
I want a piece of red chalk.
我想要一支红粉笔。
Please give her a bit of bread.
请给她一点面包。
（七）名词的用法
1．作主语
例如：
The radio says that it may stop raining later.
广播说一会儿雨可能会停。
2．作表语
例如：
Class 3 were the winners.
三班获胜了。
3．作宾语
例如：
I told him a story.
我给他讲了个故事。
4．作宾语补足语
例如：
He named her Jenny.
他给她取名詹妮。
5．作定语
例如：
We are discussing the population problem.
我们正在讨论人口问题。
6．作状语
例如：
He sat here a long time.
他坐在这儿很久了。
7．与介词组成词组
例如：
I am working hard on my Chinese.
我正在努力学习汉语。
8．作介词宾语
例如：
Give the money to your sister.
把钱给你姐姐。
三、随堂监测A组
I. 写出下列名词的复数形式：
1. house _________ 2. village ___________ 3. map __________
4. orange _________ 5. bag ___________ 6. exercise ___________
7. brush __________ 8. family ___________ 9. bus ___________
10. city __________ 11. box ___________ 12. baby __________
13. class __________ 14. factory _________ 15. glass __________
16. dictionary __________ 17. watch _________ 18. woman _________
19. match __________ 20. man _________ 21. wish __________
22. German __________ 23. tomato _________ 24. policeman ___________
25. kilo __________ 26. human _________ 27. potato ___________
28. Chinese __________ 29. shelf __________ 30. Japanese __________
31. leaf ___________ 32. American __________33. life ___________
34. tooth __________ 35. wife ___________ 36. foot ___________
37. knife __________ 38. sheep __________ 39. half ___________
40. child __________
II. 将下列词组译成英语：
1、一群孩子 2、两箱子苹果
3、三篮子蔬菜 4、九块面包
5、十杯牛奶 6、五块肉
7、多种植物 8、一副眼镜
9、两块冰 10、三张纸
11、四瓶橘汁 12、五杯茶
13、六碗米饭 14、七袋米
15、八块木头 16、九块金属
III. 写出下列各词的名词形式：
1. work _________ 2. teach _________ 3. sing ________ 4. ill ___________
5. fight ___________ 6. invent ________ 7. wait ________ 8. woolen __________
9. win ____________ 10. thankful ________ 11. foreign _________ 12. cloudy ________
13. run __________ 14. dirty __________ 15. visit _________ 16. funny __________
17. wooden ________ 18. medical ________ 19. operate ________ 20. hot __________
21. invite __________22. worried ________ 23. build __________ 24. please ________
25. help _________ 26. safe _________ 27. die _________ 28. dangerous _______
29. draw ________ 30. noisy ________
四、随堂监测B组
Ⅳ. 选择填空：
1. I want to buy ________.
A. two bottles of ink B. two bottle of ink C. two bottle of inks D. two bottles of inks
2. They don’t have to do _______ today.
A. much homework B. many homeworks C. many homework D. much homeworks
3. The ______ of machine made us feel sick.
A. voice B. noise C. sound D. noises
4. The blouse is made of ________.
A. a wool B. these wood C. wools D. wool
5. There are three ______ and seven ______ in the picture.
A. cows, sheeps B. cows, sheep C. cow, sheep D. cow, sheeps
6. June 1 is _______.
A. children’s day B. children’s Day C. Children’s Day D. Children’s day
7. ______ room is next to their parents’.
A. Kate’s and Joan’s B. Kate’s and Joan C. Kate and Joan’s D. Kate and Joan
8. Miss Green is a friend of _______.
A. Mary’s mother’s B. Mary’s mother C. Mary mother’s D. mother’s of Mary
9. Tom is ______. He will come to see me.
A. my a friend B. a friend C. mine friend D. a friend of mine
10. Sheep _______ white and milk _______ also white.
A. is, are B. are, is C. is, is D. are, are
11. I’d like to have a glass of milk and _______.
A. two breads B. two pieces of breads
C. two pieces of bread D. two piece of bread
12. It’s a long ______ to Paris. It’s two thousand kilometers.
A. street B. road C. way D. end
13. Many ______ are singing over there.
A. woman B. women C. girl D. child
14. He bought _______.
A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoes
C. two pairs of shoe D. two pair of shoe
15. Mr. White has three _______.
A. child B. children C. childs D. childrens
16. Beijing is one of the biggest _______ in the world.
A. citys B. city C. cityes D. cities
17. --- Where’s Mr. White? --- He’s in _______.
A. the room 202 B. Room 202 C. the Room 202 D. room 202
18. Shops, hospitals and schools are all _______.
A. places B. homes C. rooms D. buildings
19. Every morning Mr. Smith takes a _______ to his office.
A. 20 minutes’ walks B. 20 minute’s walk C. 20-minutes walk D. 20-minute walk
20. ---Are these ______? --- No, they aren’t. They’re _______.
A. sheep, cows B. sheep, cow C. sheeps, cow D. sheeps, cows
21. There are many ______ in the fridge.
A. fish B. fruit C. eggs D. bread
22. --- Whose room is this? --- It’s _______.
A. Li Ming B. Li Ming’s C. Li Mings D. Li Mings’
23. Here are ______ for you, Sue.
A. potatos B. some potatoes C. three tomatos D. some tomato
24. Here are some birthday cards with our best ______ for her.
A. wish B. hope C. wishes D. hopes
25. I always go to that ______ to buy food on Sunday.
A. shop B. park C. zoo D. garden
26. What’s the Chinese for “ PRC”?
A. 中国人民解放军 B. 中华人民共和国 C. 联合国 D. 中国共产党
27. Sam gave Ann some _______ to look after Polly while he was away.
A. picture-books B. inventions C. instructions D. messages
28. --- Which of the following animals lives only in China? --- The ________.
A. monkey B. elephant C. panda D. cat
29. ______ room is on the 5th floor.
A. Lucy and Lily B. Lucy and Lily’s C. Lucy’s and Lily D. Lucy’s and Lily’s
30. The third month of the year is _______.
A. March B. January C. February D. April
31. Mum, I’m quite thirsty. Please give me ________.
A. two orange B. two bottle of oranges
C. two bottles of orange D. two bottles of oranges
32. How wonderful! The ______ is made of _______.
A. house, glass B. house, glasses C. houses, glass D. houses, glasses
33. I met some ______ in the park and talked with them the other day.
A. Janpaneses B. American C. Chineses D. English
34. _______ is the best time for planting trees.
A. Summer B. Winter C. Spring D. Autumn
35. Tom was badly hurt in the match. They carried him to the ______ as quickly as possible.
A. bank B. post office C. shop D. hospital
36. There are two ______ in the room.
A. shelf B. shelfs C. shelfes D. shelves
37. There are seven ______ in a week.
A. years B. months C. days D. minutes
38. My father is a ______. He works in a hospital.
A. teacher B. doctor C. farmer D. writer
39. It’s very cold today. Why don’t you put on your ______?
A. watch B. shirt C. sweater D. glasses
40. --- Excuse me, are you ______? --- Yes, I’m from ________.
A. Japan, Japanese B. China, Chinese C. England, English D. American, America
V. 各地中考题选编：
1. --- Where is Tom? --- He’s left a ______ saying that he has something important to do.
A. excuse B. message C. exercise D. news
2. There is no ______ in the bus so we have to wait for another bus.
A. room B. a room C. rooms D. seats
3. --- Would you like some ______? --- Oh, yes. Just a little.
A. pears B. oranges C. sugar D. apples
4. You can find the following INSTRUCTIONS on _______. KEEP IN A COLD PLACE
A. food B. money C. clothes D. books
5. Mr. Green has lived in the _____ hotel since he came to China.
A. five-star B. five-stars C. five star’s D. five stars
6. She was born in Wuhan, but Beijing has become her second _______.
A. home B. family C. house D. place
7. --- What’s the _____ today? --- It’s June 26.
A. day B. date C. time D. hour
8. English is spoken as a first language in ______.
A. the USA B. India C. Japan D. China
9. ______ comes from cows.
A. Wool B. Chicken C. Pork D. Milk
10. Which of the following does paper burn in?
A. B. C. D.
11. Let the children go away. They’re making too much ______ here.
A. noise B. voice C. noisy D. sounds
12. ______ comes from sheep and some people like eating it.
A. Wool B. Pork C. Mutton D. Milk
13. --- Oh, there isn’t enough ______ for us in the lift.
--- It doesn’t matter, let’s wait for the next.
A. ground B. floor C. place D. room
14. _______ is the biggest city in China.
A. Beijing B. Shanghai C. Guangzhou D. Kunming
15. The Englishman Stephenson (史蒂芬孙), invented _______.
A. the ship B. the car C. the plane D. the train
冠词
重点知识归纳及讲解
（一）概说
1．冠词是一种虚词，不能独立担任一个成分，只能附着在一个名词上，帮助说明其词义。英语中有两个冠词：
1）定冠词the
2）不定冠词a/an
定冠词the通常读作[]，在元音前读作[i]，特别强调或单念时读作[i:]。
不定冠词在元音音素开始的单词前用an这个形式，读作[n]；在其他情况下则使用a，读作[]。
2．冠词的基本意义
不定冠词a/an与数词one同源，表示“一个”的意思，用在可数名词单数前。
例如：
She is a nurse.
她是个护士。
He is an Englishman, with an Irish wife.
他是一位英国人，有一个爱尔兰妻子。
定冠词the，与this同源，有“这（那）个”的意思，但比较弱，表示一（几）个特定的人或东西，有时可译作“这个（些）”或“那个（些）”。
例如：
That’s the book you want.
这就是你要的那本书。
Who’s the young man over there?
那边那个年轻人是谁？
但在很多情况下，“这”或“那”这类词在译文中并不出现。
例如：
Put it on the table.
把它放在桌上。
Shut the door, please.
请把门关上。
3．特指和泛指
一般来说，名词有特指和泛指两种情况，请比较下面的句子：
A gentleman is asking to see you.
有位先生要求见你。（泛指）
Ask the gentleman to come in.
请那位先生进来。（特指）
在特指时一般前面要加定冠词，而泛指时则有三种情况：
1）在可数名词单数前加不定冠词。
例如：
She sent me a postcard
她寄给我一张明信片。
2）在可数名词复数前可不加冠词，可使用some, any这类词。
例如：
These are new words.
这些是生词。
She sent me some flowers.
她送给我一些花。
3）在不可数名词前多不加什么，有时也可加some, any等。
例如：
It’s lovely weather.
天气真好。
Do you want any sugar in your tea?
你茶里要放点糖吗？
Give us some help.
给我们一些帮助。
（二）不定冠词的基本用法
1．泛指某一类人或事物中的一个，代表某一类别（不一定译为“一”）
例如：
His father is a doctor.
他父亲是医生。
2．代表某一类人或事物，相当于any（+名词）（不必译为“一”，但必须用a，表示类别）
例如：
A horse is a useful animal.
马是有用的动物。
3．指某人或某物（不是指某一类），但不具体说明何人或何物（一般译为“一”）
例如：
This book was written by a worker.
这本书是一位工人写的。
4．表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈（一般译为“一”）
例如：
Wait a moment.
等一下。
5．表示单位，相当于“每”的意思
例如：
We have three meals a day.
我们每日吃三餐。
6．用于某此固定词组中
例如：
a few, a little, a bit (of), a lot of等。
（三）定冠词的基本用法
1．特指某（些）人或某（些）事物
例如：
Give me the book.
把那本书给我。
2．指谈话双方都知道的人或事物
例如：
Where is the doctor?
医生在哪儿？
3．再次提到上文提到过的人或事物
例如：
I bought a dictionary yesterday. The dictionary is at home.
昨天我买了一本词典。词典在家里。
4．用在大家所熟悉的、世界上独一无二的事物
例如：
The earth is bigger than the moon, but smaller than the sun.
地球比月亮大，但比太阳小。
5．用在序数词和形容词最高级前
例如：
Mr Wang teaches the first class.
王先生上第一节课。
Of all the stars the sun is the nearest to the earth.
在所有的恒星中，太阳离地球最近。
6．用在单数可数名词，表示某一类人或事物
例如：The horse is a useful animal.
马是有用的动物。
7．与下列专有名词连用
1）在江、河、湖、海、群岛、山脉的名称前
例如：
the Changjiang River, the Great Lake
2）在姓氏的复数名词前，表示夫妇二人或全家人
例如：
The Greens are sitting at the breakfast table.
格林一家人正围坐在早餐桌旁。
8．和某些形容词连用，表示一类人
例如：
the old 老人 the young 年轻人
the rich 富人 the poor 穷人
the sick 病人 the dead 死人
9．在一些习惯说法中
the east (west, south, north)
in the morning (afternoon, evening)
on the left (right)
in the end
go to the cinema
（四）不用冠词的几种情况
1．在专有名词，抽象名词和物质名词前
例如：
Have you ever been to Shanghai?
你到过上海吗？
We love science.
我们爱好科学。
2．在表示一类人或事物的复数名词前
例如：
Girls can be scientists.
女孩子可以当科学家。
3．在季节、月份、星期、一日三餐的名称前
例如：
It is hot in summer.
夏天天气热。
It’s Tuesday, August the 22nd.
今天是八月二十二日，星期三。
Have you had breakfast?
你吃过早饭没有？
4．称呼语或表示头衔，职务的名词前
例如：
What’s the matter with you, Mike?
怎么啦，迈克？
He is headmaster of our school.
他是我们学校的校长。
5．学科和球类运动的名称前
例如：
We study English.
我们学习英语。
Do you like to play football?
你喜欢踢足球吗？
6．名词前已有用作定语的this, that my, your, some, any, no, whose, every, each等代词时，不用冠词
例如：
That is her bike.
那是她的自行车。
Each student in his class studies hard.
这个班的每个学生都努力学习。
7．在某些固定词组的名词前
例如：
at home, at night, after school, by bus, in bed, in town, in front of, go to school, go to bed等。
三、随堂监测A组
I. 在下列句子的空格中填上适当的冠词，不需要的地方用“/”表示：
1. This is ______ old map. It is ______ useful map.
2. We have no classes in ______ afternoon on _______ Saturday.
3. ______ spaceship flies at about eleven kilometers _______second.
4. Beijing is ______ capital of ______ China. It is _______ beautiful city.
5. Roman was not built in ______ day.
6. Chinese is quite ______ difficult language for Mike.
7. Many ______ students will take ______ active part in sports meet.
8. There is ______ interesting picture on ______ wall.
9. Jenny found ______ wallet lying on ______ground. ______ wallet was Mr. Black’s.
10. Which is ______ biggest, ______ sun, ______ moon, or ______ earth?
11. --- Which picture is more beautiful? --- ______one on ______ left, I think.
12. --- Which is _____ way to ______ hospital?
--- Go down this road and turn left on ______ second crossing.
13. _______ more, _______ better.
14. _______ Turners are sitting at breakfast table.
15. Joe Hill was _______ fighter for ______ working class.
16. When was ______ People’s Republic of China founded?
17. In China ______ first English textbooks were published in _____late nineteenth century.
18. After ______ breakfast he went to ______ school on ______ foot.
19. ______ Huanghe River lies in ______ north of China.
20. He likes playing ______ football. His sister likes playing ______ piano.
II. 单项选择：
1. 上学 A. go to school B. go to the school C. go to a school
2. 住院 A, in the hospital B. in a hospital C. in hospital
3. 此刻 A. at the moment B. at a moment C. at moment
4. 在课堂上 A. in class B. in a class C. in the class
5. 在地球上 A. on earth B. on an earth C. on the earth
6. 步行 A. on foot B. on the foot C. on feet
7. 吃饭 A. at a table B. at the table C. at table
8. 乘公共汽车A. take bus B. by bus C. by the bus
9. 在家 A. at the home B. at a home C. at home
10. 在工作 A. at work B. at the work C. at works
11. 跳高 A. jump high B. high jump C. the high jump
12. 坐飞机 A. by air B. by the air C. on air
13. 乘火车 A. by the train B. by train C. on train
14. 在校学习A. in the school B. in school C. in schools
15. 睡觉 A. go to bed B. go to the bed C. go to a bed
16. 感冒 A. have a cold B. have the cold C. have cold
17. 乘船 A. by ship B. on ship C. by a ship
18. 玩得痛快A. have good times B. have a good time C. have good times
19. 事实上 A. in the fact B. in facts C. in fact
21. 从早到晚A. from morning to the evening
B. from morning to evening
C. from a morning to an evening
四、随堂监测B组
III. 选择填空：
1. There is ______ old woman in the car.
A. / B. the C. a D. an
2. Shanghai is in _______ east of China.
A. / B. an C. the D. a
3. Bill is ______ English teacher. He likes playing ______ football.
A. a, the B. an, the C. a, / D. /, /
4. The museum is quite far. It will take you half _____ hour to go there by ______ bus.
A. an, / B. an, a C. a, / D. /, /
5. The story is ______ interesting. That means it is ______ interesting story.
A. an, the B. the, a. C. /, an D. /, a
6. Let’s go for ______ walk, shall we?
A. a B. an C. the D. /
7. This is ______ interesting story-book and it is also ______ useful one.
A. a, a B. an, an C. an, a D. a, an
8. _______ woman over there is ______ popular teacher in our school.
A. A, an B. The, a C. The , the D. A, the
9. They passed our school ______ day before yesterday.
A. an B. one C. a D. the
10. Australia is ______ English-speaking country.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
11. Don’t play ______ basketball here. It’s dangerous.
A. a B. an C. / D. the
12. This is ______ apple. It’s _______ big apple.
A. an, a B. a, the C. a, an D. an, the
13. --- Have you seen ______ bag? I left it here just now.
--- Is it ______ one on the chair near the door?
A. a, a B. the, the C. a, the D. the, a
14. I have ______ blue coat.
A. a B. an C. the D. some
15. This is _____ orange. _______ orange is on the table.
A. a, The B. an, The C. an, An D. the, An
16. Have you had ______ breakfast?
A. a B. an C. the D. /
17. He wondered when the doctor could finish _____ operation.
A. a B. an C. the D. any
18. After ______ supper, he stayed at home and played ______ violin.
A. the, the B. /, the C. /, a D. /, /
19. There is ______ apple on the plate.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
20. He said that he got ______ “ C” in the test.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
21. ______ new bridge has been built over ______ Huangpu River.
A. The, a B. A, / C. A, the D. An, an
22. English is _______ useful language in ______ world.
A. an, the B. a, the C. the, the D. an, an
23. In the word “ cariage” _______ “ r” is lost.
A. the B. an C. a D. /
24. With the help of his teacher he studied hard and got ______ “ A” in the test.
A. a B. an C. the D. one
25. I have two dogs. ______ black one is two years old and ______ yellow one is three years old.
A. A, a B. The, a C. The, the D. A. the
26. Li Dan can play ______ piano very well.
A. / B. a C. an D. the
27. What ______ interesting film it is! I like ______ film very much.
A. a, the B. a, a C. an, the D. The, /
28. ______ tall man over there is our ______ English teacher.
A. A, the B. The, a C. A, an D. The, /
代词
一、本周内容概述
1．代词的作用
严格地讲，代词是代替名词的，在句子中起名词的作用，可用作：
1）主语
例如：
This is our new home.
这是我们的新家。
Who is on the phone?
谁在打电话？
2）宾语
例如：
Take good care of yourself.
多多保重。
We should help each other.
我们应互相帮助。
3）表语
例如：
That’s not mine.
那不是我的。
Who is it? -It’s me.
谁呀？ -是我。
4）同位语
例如：
We both live in the dormitory.
我们两人都住宿舍。
He ate them all.
他把它们全吃了。
5）呼语
例如：
Be patient, everybody.
大家都耐心点。
2．代词的分类
代词通常可分为以下八类：
1）人称代词（I, you, he , we等）
2）物主代词（our, your, their, his等）
3）反身代词（myself, ourselves, yourself, itself等）
4）相互代词（each other, one another）
5）指示代词（this, that, these, those等）
6）疑问代词（who, what, which, whose等）
7）关系代词（who, that, which, whose等）
8）不定代词（both, all, some, any等）
二、重点知识归纳及讲解
（一）人称代词
1．人称代词的单数、复数和主格、宾格
数
格
人称 单数 复数
主格 宾语 主格 宾格
第一人称 I 我 me we 我们 us
第二人称 you 你 you you 你们 you
第三人称 he 他
she 她
it 它 him
her
it 他们
they 她们
它们 them
2．人称代词的用法
1）人称代词的主格在句子中充当主语
例如：
I am studying English now.
我现在正在学英语。
We love our country.
我们热爱我们的国家。
如果有几个人称代词并列充当主语，它们的顺序是：
单数形式 you, he and I
复数形式 we, you and they
2）人称代词的宾语在句子中充当宾语、介词宾语或表语。
例如：
Can you help us?
你能帮助我们吗？
We are waiting for them.
我们正在等他们。
Who is there? It’s me.
是谁呀？是我。
（二）物主代词
物主代词用来表示人和物之间的所有关系，这类代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种，并有不同的人称和单复数之分。
2．形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词的主要用法区别
1）形容词性物主代词不能独立使用，只作定语，用来修饰后面的名词。
例如：
My parents are both doctors.
我的父母都是医生。
We saw a film yesterday. Its name was Speed.
我们昨天看了一场电影，片名是《生死时速》。
2）名词性物主代词应独立使用，后面不跟名词，相当于形容词性物主代词+名词，它们在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语。
例如：
Is this her pen? No, hers is red. （主语）
这是她的钢笔吗？不，她的是红色的。
Let’s clean their room first, and then clean ours. （宾语）
咱们先打扫他们的房间，然后再打扫我们的。
These letters are his.（表语）
这些信是他的。
（三）反身代词
反身代词用来表示反射或强调。
1．反身代词的形式
人称 一 二 三
单数 myself yourself himself herself itself
复数 ourselves yourselves themselves
2．反身代词的用法
1）在句子中作宾语，表示动作回射到动作的执行者本身。
例如：
My grandmother is too old to look after herself.
我奶奶年纪太大了，照顾不了她自己。
Lei Feng was always ready to help others, he never thought of himself.
雷锋总是乐于帮助别人，从不考虑自己。
2）在句中作名词或代词的同位语，用来加强语气，常可译为“亲自”、“本人”等。在这种情况下，反身代词可以紧跟名词或代词之后，也可以放到句末。
例如：
We ourselves will build the factory.
我们将自己建造这个工厂。
He spoke to me myself.
他对我本人说话。
3）反身代词在实际运用中可构成许多常用词组。
例如：
by oneself 亲自 for oneself 为自己
call oneself 称自己 teach oneself 自学
help oneself to 随意吃 lose oneself 迷路
speak to oneself 自言自语 seat oneself 就座
make oneself understood 让别人懂得自己的意思
（四）指示代词
指示代词是表示“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”等指示概念的代词，如：this, that, these, those等。英语中指示代词的用法同汉语中的情况相似。this和these一般用来指较近的事物，that和those则指较远的事物。
指示代词可以充当句子中的主语、定语、宾语或表语。
例如：
This is a difficult question.
这是个难题。
That basketball isn’t ours.
那个篮球不是我们的。
Do you like these?
你喜欢这些吗？
（五）不定代词
不定代词是不指明代替任何特定名词的代词。
1．不定代词有以下形式：
some, somebody, someone, something, any, anybody, anyone, anything, nobody, nothing, all, both, neither, none, either, each, everybody, everyone, everything, other, another, much ,one
2．不定代词在句子中的作用：
1）作主语
例如：
Everyone has come. Let’s begin.
大家都到了，我们开始吧。
Both of his parents are doctors.
他的父母都是医生。
One is the teacher, the others are students.
一人是老师，其余的是学生。
2）作宾语
例如：
This one is too small, please show me another.
这个太小，请另外拿一个给我看看。
Please introduce me to the others.
请把我介绍给所有其他的人。
3）作表语
例如：
That’s all for today.
今天就到这儿吧。
It’s too much for me.
这件事非我力所能及。
3．常见不定代词的用法讲解
1）some和any
a．some常用于肯定句，any多用于否定句，疑问句或条件状语从句，两者都可以代替可数或不可数名词。
例如：
Some say yes and some say no.
有的人说是，有的人说不是。
I don’t like any of them.
我对他们一个也不喜欢。
Does any of them know this?
他们当中有谁知道吗？
b．如果在提问时期待对方肯定回答，或鼓励别人说yes时，疑问句中的不定代词要用some，不用any。
例如：
Would you like some of the tickets?
你想要些票吗？
c．在强调“任何一个”意思的时候，any也可用于肯定句。
例如：
You can take any of the newspapers here.
你可以拿这儿任何一份报纸。
2）either和neither
either用于肯定，neither用于否定，二者均限于两个个体的情况。
例如：
You can see tall trees on either of the river banks.
在河的两岸你们能看到高大的树。
Neither of them wants to see the film with me.
他们两个谁也不想和我去看电影。
3）one和ones（one的复数形式）
one可以指某人，人人或某物，也可以用来代替上文中提及的可数名词，以避免用词的重复。当one指人时，其反身代词为oneself，所有格形式是one’s。
例如：
One should follow the laws.
人人应该遵守法律。
The one in red is our monitor.
穿红衣服的那位是我们的班长。
Shanghai has a lot of new buildings, but it also has many old ones.
上海有很多新的建筑物，也有不少老的建筑物。
4）复合不定代词
复合不定代词是由some, any, no, every同body，one, thing等词构成的代词。复合不定代词都可看作单数，表示“某人”或“某物”，并在句中作主语、宾语或表语。同some和any在用法上的区别一样，some, someone和something一般用于肯定句，anybody, anyone和anything一般用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中。
例如：
We want somebody to help us.
我们想要有人来帮助我们。
Have you found anything here?
你们在这儿发现什么了吗？
If anyone comes to visit us, tell him we have gone to the cinema.
如果有人来访，就告诉他我们去电影院了。
表示人的复合不定代词后面都可以加’s构成所有格。
例如：
Somebody’s wallet has just been stolen.
有人的钱包刚刚被偷了。
复合不定代词要求后置定语。
例如：
We will have something important to do this afternoon.
今天下午我们有些重要事情要做。
（六）疑问代词
疑问代词是用来构成特殊疑问句的代词，如who, whom, whose, what和which等。
在疑问句中，疑问代词一般都放在句首，并在句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。
例如：
Who is your maths teacher?（表语）
谁是你们的数学老师？
Whose bag is that?（定语）
那是谁的书包？
Who teaches you English?（主语）
谁教你们英语？
Whom are you talking about?（宾语）
你们在谈论谁？
（七）相互代词
相互代词是表示相互关系的代词，其形式如下表。
主格和宾格 所有格
each other
one another each other’s
one another’s
在当代英语中，each other和one another意思上没有区别，它们在句中可以作宾语，其所有格可以作定语。
（互相）
（彼此的）
例如：
Do you often help each other?
你们经常互相帮助吗？
We are interested in one another’s work.
我们对彼此的工作感兴趣。
三、随堂监测A组
I. 选择填空：
1．This dictionary is not hers. It’s _______.
A. I B. me C. mine D. my
2. --- Is this ______ magazine? --- No, it isn’t. It’s ________.
A. your, her B. hers, mine C. yours, hers D. your, hers
3. There are two books on the desk. One is a maths book, _______ is an English book.
A. others B. other C. the other D. another
4. _______ of the girls plays tennis well.
A. Neither B. Both C. All D. Some
5. Mary speaks very quickly. _______ is difficult to understand what she is saying.
A. That B. she C. It D. There
6. The school was built by the villagers _______.
A. us B. ourselves C. them D. themselves
7. He put a finger into ______ mouth and sucked it.
A. his B. he C. him D. his’s
8. He is always ready to help ______.
A. another B. others C. the other D. other
9. Let _______ do this exercise myself.
A. him B. her C. us D. me
10. Have you _______ to tell us?
A. important something B. something important
C. important anything D. anything important
11. I met an old friend of ______ on ______ way home.
A. mine, my B. my, the C. mine, a D. mine, the
12. ______ of the students in our class has a ticket.
A. Every B. Both C. Each D. All
13. There are several books on the desk.. _____ of them is English.
A. All B. Both C. None D. Neither
14. _______ live in Shanghai.
A. We B. Our C. Ours D. Ourselves
15. --- Is this ______ jacket? --- Yes, it’s _______.
A. her, her B. her, hers C. hers, her D. hers, hers
16. --- _______ is that boy? --- He’s my son.
A. Who B. Whom C. What D. Which
17. _______ humans ______ animals can live without air.
A. Both, and B. Neither, nor C. Either, or D. Not only, but also
18. They have twenty-six desks in the classroom. One is for the teacher, ______ are for the students.
A. the other B. other C. the others D. others
19. My dictionary is in my bag. Where is _______?
A. yours B. you C. yourself D. your
20. I think you can do the job ______.
A. yourself B. myself C. himself D. your
21. --- Which jacket is Mary’s? --- The red one is _______.
A. she B. her C. hers D. his
22. My uncle was so angry that he was no ______ when he found I was beating his dog.
A. him B. his C. himself D. he
23. There are many trees on ______ side of the street.
A. all B. both C. every D. each
24. _____ is important for us to keep the balance of nature.
A. There B. That C. This D. It
25. She can’t find ______ watch.
A. hers B. it C. her D. it’s
26. There is ______ milk in the glass.
A. many B. little C. few D. a few
27. Please pass ______ the cap of tea.
A. me B. my C. mine D. I
28. Have you heard from ______ recently?
A. them B. they C. themselves D. their
29. There is _____water in the bottle.
A. not B. some C. any D. many
30. There isn’t ______ food left on the table.
A. many B. few C. much D. little
31. Sorry, I can’t answer your question. I know ______ about the news.
A. a little B. little C. few D. a few
32. This is his schoolbag, ______ is on the desk.
A. my B. yours C. your D. you
33. We made the radio ______.
A. us B. ourselves C. myself D. our
34. Would please give me ______ hot tea?
A. one B. little C. some D. any
35. --- Would you like some milk in your tea? --- Yes, just _______.
A. a little B. little C. a few D. few
36. This question is so difficult that ______ students can answer it.
A. few B. a few C. little D. a little
37. They have only _________ homework for Sunday.
A. few B. a few C. little D. a little
38. They told us about their school and we told them about_______.
A. we B.us C. our D. ours
39. This blue suit looks better than the green ________.
A. / B. one C. suits D. ones
40. _________ is your father ,a worker or a teacher?
A. How B. Which C. What D. Who
四、随堂监测B组
II. 中考题集：
1．--- Whose painting is this? It’s really wonderful!
--- Oh, it’s not ________ . It’s _________ .
A. hers; your B. mine; Elsa’s C. yours; he’s D. his; my
2．_________ of the twins went to watch Peking Opera last Sunday.
They were staying at home all that day.
A. Either B. Both C. Neither D. One
3．The English novel is quite easy for you. There are __________ new words in it.
A. a little B. little C. a few D. few
4．This ruler is mine. __________ is over there.
A. She B. She’s C. Her D. Hers
5．I’ll tell you ________ news about the sports meeting.
A. many B. some C. a few
6．All the boys were very tired, but _______ of them would take a rest.
A. all B. neither C. any D. none
7．Every day Mr. Hu checks _________ homework and corrects the mistakes we make.
A. his B. her C. our D. its
8．--- When shall we meet again, this afternoon or tonight?
--- I don’t mind. _________ time is OK.
A. Either B. Every C. Neither D. Both
9．The old man has two sons. One is a worker ; ________ is a teacher.
A. another B. other C. others D. the other
10．Pass _________ the knife, please. My pencil is broken.
A. I B. me C. my D. mine
11．--- Which do you prefer, orange juice or coke?
--- _________, thanks. I’d like just a cup of tea.
A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None
12．Bob couldn’t buy the dictionary because he had _________ money with him.
A. a few B. few C. a little D. little
13．This is not my dictionary. It’s ________.
A. her B. his C. your D. their
14．--- Oh! I came n a hurry and forgot to bring food.
--- Never mind. You can have _________ .
A. us B. ours C. you D. yours
15．--- The watch is so nice! Is it for ________?
--- Yes. Happy birthday. Mary!
--- Thank you very much.
A. his B. me C. my D. hers
16．--- May I use your pen?
--- Yes, here are two and you can use ________ of them.
A. both B. every C. any D. either
17．--- Whose book is this?
--- It’s ________ .
A. my B. mine C. me D. I
18．--- How many more oranges can I have ?
--- You can have one more. __________ are for Tom.
A. The others B. Another C. Others D. The other
19．--- Can I talk to you for a minute, Brain?
--- Sure, I have _______ time.
A. a few B. little C. few D. a little
20．Their English teacher is from America, but ________ is from England.
A. ours B. my C. your D. her
21．Anne has a son. _______ name is Edward.
A. Her B. His C. Hers D. Him
22．This isn’t my sweater. It’s __________ , I think.
A. she B. her C. hers D. mine
23．Hurry up! There’s _________ time left.
A. few B. a few C. little D. a little
24．--- Could I have some milk?
--- Certainly. There’s ________ in the bottle.
A. little B. a little C. a few D. few
25．You can’t see many of the stars in the sky because __________ are too far away.
A. they B. their C. them D. theirs
26．Lei Feng asked _________ for return when he helped others.
A. everything B. nothing C. anything D. something
27．--- Is it your ticket?
--- No, _________ is in my pocket. It’s ________.
A. mine; her B. my; his C. mine; hers D. my; hers
28．Can you tell me ________ she is waiting for?
A. why B. whose C. whom D. which
29．Miss Brown will teach ________ English next term.
A. us B. we C. our D. ours
30．There is _________ in today’s newspaper.
A. new anything B. new something
C. anything new D. something new
数词
一、本周内容概述
表示数目和顺序的词叫数词。数词可分为基数词和序数词两类。
二、重点知识归纳及讲解
（一）基数词
基数词用来表示数目，或者说表示数量的词叫基数词。最基本的基数词如下表所示。
1 one 11 eleven 100 a hundred
2 two 12 twelve 20 twenty 1000 a thousand
3 three 13 thirteen 30 thirty 1，000，000 a million
4 four 14 fourteen 40 forty 10，000，000 ten million
5 five 15 fifteen 50 fifty 100，000，000 a hundred million
6 six 16 sixteen 60 sixty 1，000，000，000 a billion
7 seven 17 seventeen 70 seventy
8 eight 18 eighteen 80 eighty
9 nine 19 nineteen 90 ninety
10 ten
说明：
1．13-19是由个位数加后缀-teen构成。注意其中13、15的拼写是thirteen和fifteen。
2．20-90由个位数加后缀-ty构成，注意其中20-50的拼写分别是twenty, thirty, forty 和fifty;80的拼写是eighty。
3．其它非整十的两位数21-99是由整十位数加连字符“-”，再加个位数构成。如： 81 eighty-one。
4．101-999的基数词先写百位数，后加and再写十位数和个位数。如： 691 six hundred and ninety-one。
5．1000以上的基数词先写千位数，后写百位数，再加and，最后写十位数和个位数。
如：5893 five thousand eight hundred and ninety-three。 在基数词中只有表示“百”、“千”的单位词，没有单独表示“万”、“亿”的单位词，而是用thousand（千）和million（百万）来表达，其换算关系为：1万=10 thousand;1亿=100 million; 10亿=a thousand million=a billion。
7．多位数的读法：
1）1000以上的多位数，要使用计数间隔或逗号“，”。即从个位起，每隔三位加一个间隔或逗号。第一个间隔或逗号前是thousand（千），第二个间隔或逗号前是million（百万），第三个间隔或逗号前是a thousand million或a billion(十亿)。
2）每隔三位分段以后就都成了101-999。读的时候十位数（或个位数）的前面一般要加and。如：
888，000，000读作：eight hundred and eighty-eight million。
（二）、基数词的用法
1．基数词的复数形式表示大量的 的数目。
在这种情况下，表示单位的基数词(hundred, thousand, million, billion)不能在词尾加-s。
例如：
two hundred students 二百个学生
five thousand years 五千年
2．基数词的复数形式表示大量的 的数目，在这种情况下，表示单位的基数词词尾加-s，要与of短语连用。
3．基数词在句中的作用
基数词的作用相当于名词和形容词，它在句子中可充当主语，宾语，表语和定语。
例如：
Three and five is eight. 3+5=8
主语 表语
How many oranges do you want?你要多少桔子？
I want eight. 我要八个。
宾语
There are eight boats in the lake. 湖里有八条小船。
定语
（三）序数词
表示顺序的词，叫序数词。序数词用来表示数词顺序。除特殊情况外，序数词一般都由相应的基数词加后缀-th构成。
请见下表：
第一到第十 第十一到第十九 第二十以上
first eleventh twentieth
second twelfth thirtieth
third thirteenth fortieth
fourth fourteenth fiftieth
fifth fifteenth sixtieth
sixth sixteenth seventieth
seventh seventeenth eightieth
eighth eighteenth ninetieth
ninth nineteenth hundredth
tenth thousandth
说明：
1．英语中表示第一、第二、第三的序数词属特殊形式，要注意它们的拼写。
2．表示“几十”的序数词通常是将基数词词尾y变成i再加上后缀-eth。
3．其余的二位数序数词是以相应的整十基数词加个位序数词。如：fifty-first（第五十一）。
4．少数序数词拼法不规则，如：fifth（第五），eighth（第八），ninth（第九），twelfth（第十二）等。
注意：
1．序数词可缩写为阿拉伯数字加序数词最后两个字母。
例如：
第一：(the) first=1 st
第二：(the) second=2 nd
第三：(the) third=3 rd
第五：(the) fifth=5th
第九十七：(the) ninety-seventh=97 th
第一百零一：(the) one hundred (and)first=101st
2．编了号的事物要用基数词表示顺序，但是基数词要后置。
例如：
第一课：Lesson One
第三十二页：Page 32
第305房间：Room 305
第12路公共汽车：Bas No.12
五、序数词的用法
序数词和基数词一样，也能起名词或形容词作用，在句子中作主语、表语、宾语和定语。
例如：
The first is bigger than the second. 第一个比第二个大。
主语
Give me the first. 把第一个给我。
宾语
She’s often the first to go to school. 她经常第一个去上学。
表语
We’re going to learn the eighth lesson. 我们将要学习第八课。
定语
六、年、月、日和时间的表达法
1．年份用基数词表达，分两位一读，年份前用介词in。
例如：
nineteen ninety-nine
two thousand
two thousand and one
2．月份的第一个字母要大写，有些月份名称有缩写形式。
例如：
一月January(Jan.), 二月February(Feb.), 三月March(Mar.), 四月（Apr.）,五月May, 六月June, 七月July, 八月August(Aug.)，九月September(Sep.), 十月October(Oct.), 十一月November(Nov.), 十二月December(Dec.)。
3．日期的表达要用序数词，读时前面要加定冠词the,介词要使用on。
例如：
在6月1日：on June 1 st 读作：on June the first.
年、月、日同时表达时，一般应先写月、日、后写年。
例如：
在5月4日：on May 4 th, 2001。
4．年代用基数词的复数表示。
例如：
20世纪90年代：nineteen nineties
21世纪代：twenty twenties
5．时间表达法：时间可用顺读法或倒读法两种方式表达。
例如：
顺读法 倒读法
5：00 five (o’clock)
6：18 six eighteen eighteen past six
12：15 twelve fifteen fifteen (a quarter) past twelve
4：30 four thirty half past four
5：50 five fifty ten to six
6：45 six forty-five a quarter to seven
注意：
1）表示整点时间，直接用基数词表达，后边可接o’clock (也可不加)。表达“几点几分”时，绝不能用o’clock。
2）表达“15分”或“45分”时，常用quarter（刻）。
3）在倒读法中，如果钟点不过半，须用“分钟数+past+钟点数”的形式；如果钟点过半，则用“差多少分钟数+to+全钟点（下个钟点数）”的形式。
例如：
8:20 twenty past eight
8:40 twenty to nine
6．分数的表达法
1）分子用基数词，分母用序数词。分子大于1时，分母用复数。
2）小数的读法：小数点前面的数按照基数词的读法，小数点后面的数按照数本身读，小数点读point。
例如：
0.38 zero point three eight
96.89 ninety-six point eight nine
3)百分数，在数词后加percent。
例如：
15%读作：fifteen percent
60%读作：sixty percent
7．表示语数
1）…几倍大小（长短，数量）=…几倍（或分数）+the size(length, amount)。
例如：
The earth is forty-nine times the size of the moon.
地球是月球的49倍。
2）…比…几倍=…倍数（或分数）+形容词（副词）比较级+than+被比部分。
例如：
His house is three times bigger than mine.
他的房子比我的房子大三倍。
3）…是…倍=…倍数（或分数）+as +形容词+as +被比部分。
例如：
This factory is four times as big as that one.
这个工厂是那个工厂的四倍。
8．表示约数
1）“多于”用more than或over。
例如：
The street is over(more than) 500 metres long.
这条街有500多米长。
2）“小于”用less than。
例如：
Three are less than 30 people in the classroom.
教室里不到三十人。
3）“或…以上”用or more。
例如：
The building can hold 5000 people or more.
那座建筑物可容纳5000人或5000人以上。
4）“或…以下”用or less。
例如：
We can finish the work in two weeks or less.
我们可以在两周内或不到两周完成这件工作。
5）“大约”用about, around, nearly等。
例如：
The box weighs about 50 pounds.
这箱子重约50镑。
6）“左右”用or so.
例如：
In the past ten years or so, they have changed a lot.
在过去的十年里，他们改变了许多。
三、随堂监测A组
I. 写出下列基数词相应的序数词：
1. one __________ 2. two _________ 3. three _________ 4. five ________
5. eight __________ 6. nine _________ 7. twelve _________ 8. twenty __________
9. thirty-one __________ 10. forty-four ___________ 11. fifty-seven ____________
II. 把下列短语译成英语：
1. 第12课 ________________________ 2. 304号房间 _______________________
3. 半小时 ________________________ 4. 每日三次 _______________________
5. 第25页 _______________________ 6. 20世纪90年代 ___________________
7. 4路公共汽车 _____________________ 8. 第15中学 _____________________
9. 21世纪 _________________________ 10. 两吨半 ______________________
11. 差一刻三点 _____________________ 12. 第二册 ________________________
13. 在他五十几岁时 ___________________ 14. 二年级八班 ____________________
15. 10:45 _____________________________ 16. 第十五单元 ____________________
17. 第三册第十三课 _______________________ 18. 三分之一 __________________
19. 三百英镑 _________________________ 20. 1994年3月22日 __________________
四、随堂监测B组
III. 选择填空：
1. 333 reads ___________.
A. three hundred and thirty three B. three hundreds and thirty-three
C. three hundred and thirty-three D. three hundred thirty-three
2. The _______ month of the year is February.
A. one B. first C. two D. second
3. The beautiful skirts are on show in the shop, Jane likes _______.
A. the ninth B. the nineth C. nine D. ninth
4. It took me _______ to finish my homework.
A. a half and two hour B. two hour and a half
C. two and a half hour D. two and a half hours
5. December is the _______ month of the year.
A. twelve B. twelveth C. twelvieth D. twelfth
6. Tom bought ______ for himself yesterday.
A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe
C. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoes
7. There are _______ seconds in a minute.
A. fourty B. forty C. sixteen D. sixty
8. Lin Tao gets up at ______ in the morning.
A. half past six B. six past half C. past half six D. half six past
9. December ______ is Christmas.
A. twenty-five B. the twenty-fifth C. the twentieth-five D. twentieth-fifth
10. There are _____ stars in the universe.
A. millions B. million of C. millions of D. million
11. Monday is the _______ day of the week.
A. two B. second C. three D. third
12. Mr. Black left here _____ ago.
A. half a hour B. half an hour C. an half hour D. a half hours
13. There are _____ students in their school.
A. nine hundred B. nine hundreds C. nine hundred of D. nine hundreds of
14. There are _____ words in the text of the _____ Lesson.
A. hundred of, Fifth B. a hundred of, Fiveth
C. hundreds of, Fifth D. hundreds of, Fiveth
15. We had learned about _____ English words by the end of last term.
A. nine hundreds and forty-five B. nine hundreds of and forty-five
C. nine hundred and forty-five D. nine hundred and fourty-five
IV. 中考题集：
1. About ______ people are in the People’s Park at weekends.
A. two hundreds B. two hundreds of C. two hundred D. hundred of
2. The water behind the Three Gorges Dam (三峡大坝) should be _____higher than downstream (下游).
A. sixty-five meter B. sixty-fifth meter C. sixty-five meters D. sixty-fifth meters
3. In our school several _____ students are able to search the Internet for useful information now.
A. hundred of B. hundreds for C. hundred D. hundreds
4. I was 8 years old when my father was 31. this year my father is twice my age. How old am I?
A. 21 B. 22 C. 23 D. 24
5. When was the PRC founded? It was founded on _______.
A. July 1, 1921 B. October 1, 1949 C. August 1, 1927 D. May 1, 1922
6. Look at the menu:
SNACKS
Hamburger $ 2.60 Orange juice $1.20
Hot dog $2.15 Coffee $1.00
Ice cream $2.00 Coke regular $0.75
Popcorn $1.00 large $1.00
Jeff wants to buy a hamburger, a large coke and ice cream.
How much will he pay?
A. Five dollars and sixty cents. B. Five dollars and thirty-five cents.
C. Three dollars and sixty cents. D. Two dollars.
7. --- How many workers are there in your factory? --- There are two _______.
A. hundreds B. hundred C. hundred of D. hundreds of
8. The film star is going to spend ______ dollars on a new dress for the coming party.
A. three thousands B. thousands of C. thousand of D. three thousands of
9. There are ______ doctors and nurses working hard in that hospital.
A. thousand B. two thousand C. two thousands D. two thousands of
10. --- How many teachers are there in your school? --- ________, but I’m not sure.
A. Hundreds B. Hundred C. Hundreds of D. One hundred
11. I think ______ lesson is the most difficult in this book.
A. five B. fifth C. the fifth D. fifteen
1. _______ travelers come to visit our city every year.
A. Hundred of B. Hundreds of C. Five hundreds D. Hundred
2. The Games of ______ Olympiad in will be held in the city of Beijing.
A. 29 B. the 29 C. 29th D. the 29th
3. Fan Zhiyi’s transfer to Dundee Football Club at the end of last year aroused ______ Chinese people’s interest.
A. thousand of B. thousand C. thousands of D. thousands
4. About ______ films were shown during the 5th Shanghai International Film Festival.
A. two hundred of B. two hundreds of C. two hundred D. two hundreds
5. --- Do you have enough men to carry these chairs? --- No. I think we need ______ men.
A. another B. two others C. more two D. two more
6. --- Can you write the number eight five thousand, six hundred and twenty-six?
--- Yes, it is _____________.
A. 85662 B. 85626 C. 58662 D. 58626
7. There’re ______ students in our grade.
A. hundreds of B. three hundreds of C. three hundreds D. three hundreds’
8. ______ of the workers in this factory is about two hundred, _______ of them are women workers.
A. The number, first third B. The number, one third
C. A number, half D. A number, three quarters
9. _______ Germans come to visit China every year.
A. Thousands of B. Thousands C. Thousand of D. Two thousands
动词（I）
重点知识归纳及讲解
一、概述
动词是表示动作或状态的词。句子中的谓语成分是由动词充当的，谓语通常是句中不可缺少的成分，因此动词是英语词类中最重要的一种。动词可以通过本身的变化来表示动作发生的时间以及说话人的语气、态度等。
1．动词的种类
动词按其词义和在句中的作用可以分为：行为动词（或称实义动词）、连系动词、助动词和情态动词。详见下表：
动词分类 特征 例词 例句
行 为 动 词
vt./vi. 表示动作或状态。有完整的词义。能独立作谓语。按其带不带宾语、分为及物动词（带宾语）和不及物动词（不带宾语） help帮助（vt.）
see看见（vt.）
go去（vi.）
fly飞（vi.） He often helps me.
I can see a bird in the tree.
Planes can fly.
连 系 动 词
link v. 本身有词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须和表语一起构成谓语（名词性合成谓语） be是
look看起来
seem似乎
get变得
become变成，成为 He is an English teacher.
They look the same.
助 动 词
v. aux. 本身无词义，不能独立作谓语，只能和实义动词一起构成谓语。可用来
高中英语语法教案7
同学们很容易混淆的是全部倒装与部分倒装。如何区分之，编个顺口溜：副(adv.)介(prep.)提前全倒装，其它句式部分倒;否定提前倒助动，让步状语倒表语;复合句式倒主句，不倒装的属特殊。
下面举例说明：
A、Here comes the bus.(副词提前，全倒装)
B、Here he comes.(代词作主语，不倒装)
C、In front of the house lies a garden.(介词短语提前，全倒装)
D、Never shall I do this again.(否定词提前，部分倒装)
E、Young as he is ,he knows a lot.(让步状语从句，表语倒装)
F、Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in.(only 修饰状语，主句倒装)
G、Only he can save the patient.(only修饰主语.不倒装)
H、Not only will help be given to people,but also medical treatment will be provided.(否定词提前，部分倒装)
I、Not only he but also we like sports.(连接两个主语，不倒装)
高中英语语法教案8
1. 表特指
所谓表特指，就是说此时的what 在用法上大致相当于the。如：
What money I have will be yours when I die. = The money I have will be yours when I die. 我一死我的钱就都给你。
What possessions I have are yours.=The possessions I have are yours. 我的所有的财产都是你的。
2. 表“微量”
有时不仅表特指，而且还表“微量”，即含有“量不多”之意。如果将“特指”和“微量”结合起来，该结构的意思就是“虽不多，但全部”，有时可译为“仅有”。如：
What ideas he has are his wife’s. 他仅有的一点想法都是他妻子的。
What friends she has are out of the country. 她有的那些朋友全在国外。
这类“what+名词”结构并不是总具有“微量性”，即有时有，有时没有。如果要想明确或强化这种微量性特点，我们可以该结构的名词前加上表示微量的修饰语few(用于复数名词前)或little(用于不可数名词前)。如：
What few friends she has are out of the country.=The few friends she has are out of the country. 她仅有的几个朋友都在国外。
What little free time he had was spent with the family.= The little free time he had was spent with the family. 他仅有的一点空余时间都是与家人在一起度过的。
高中英语语法教案9
名词性从句
在句子中起高考资源网名词作用的句子叫名词从句(NounClauses）。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m引导名词性从句的连接词
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
连接词：that,whether,if不充当从句的任何成分）连接代词：what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which.
连接副词：when,where,how,why不可省略的连词：1.介词后的连词
2.引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。Thatshewaschosenmadeusveryhappy.Weheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon.
比较：whether与if均为“是否”的意思。但在下列情况下，whether不能被if取代：1.whether引导主语从句并在句首2.引导表语从句3.whether从句作介词宾语4.从句后有“ornot”
Whetherhewillcomeisnotclear.
大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用it充当形式主语。Itisnotimportantwhowillgo.
Itisstillunknownwhichteamwillwinthematch.
w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
本资料由阳光家教网整理名词性that-从句
1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，例如：
主语：Thatheisstillaliveissheerluck.他还活着全靠运气。
宾语：JohnsaidthathewasleavingforLondononWednesday.约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。
表语：Thefactisthathehasnotbeenseenrecently.事实是近来谁也没有见过他。同位语：Thefactthathehasnotbeenseenrecentlydisturbseveryoneinhisoffice.近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。形容词宾语：Iamgladthatyouaresatisfiedwithyourjob.你对工作满意我感到很高兴。
2）That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：
Itisquiteclearthatthewholeprojectisdoomedtofailure.很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。It“sapitythatyoushouldhavetoleave.你非走不可真是件憾事。用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：a.It+be+形容词+that-从句Itisnecessarythat…有必要……Itisimportantthat…重要的是……Itisobviousthat…很明显……b.It+be+-ed分词+that-从句Itisbelievedthat…人们相信……Itisknowntoallthat…从所周知……Ithasbeendecidedthat…已决定……c.It+be+名词+that-从句
Itiscommonknowledgethat………是常识Itisasurprisethat…令人惊奇的是……Itisafactthat…事实是……d.It+不及物动词+that-分句
本资料由阳光家教网整理Itappearsthat…似乎……Ithappensthat…碰巧……
Itoccurredtomethat…我突然想起……
w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m名词性wh-从句
1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who,whom,.whose,whoever,what,whatever,which,whichever等连接代词和where,when,how,why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等，例如：
主语：Howthebookwillselldependsonitsauthor.书销售如何取决于作者本人。直接宾语：Inone”sownhomeonecandowhatonelikes.在自己家里可以随心所欲。间接宾语：Theclubwillgivewhoeverwinsaprize.俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。
表语：MyquestioniswhowilltakeoverpresidentoftheFoundation.我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。
宾语补足语：Shewillnamehimwhatevershewantsto.她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。
同位语：Ihavenoideawhenhewillreturn.我不知道他什么时候回来。
形容词宾语：I“mnotsurewhysherefusedtheirinvitation.我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。
介词宾语：Thatdependsonwhereweshallgo.那取决于我们去哪儿。
2）Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末，例如：Itisnotyetdecidedwhowilldothatjob.还没决定谁做这项工作。
Itremainsunknownwhentheyaregoingtogetmarried.他们何时结婚依然不明。w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
本资料由阳光家教网整理if,whether引导的名词从句1）yes-no型疑问从句
从属连词if,whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同，例如：
主语：Whethertheplanisfeasibleremainstobeproved.这一计划是否可行还有等证实。宾语：Letusknowwhether/ifyoucanfinishthearticlebeforeFriday.请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。
表语：Thepointiswhetherweshouldlendhimthemoney.问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。
同位语：Theyareinvestigatingthequestionwhetherthemanistrustworthy.他们调查他是否值得信赖。
形容词宾语：She”sdoubtfulwhetherweshallbeabletocome.她怀疑我们是否能够前来。介词宾语：Iworryaboutwhetherhecanpassthroughthecrisisofhisillness.我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。
2）选择性疑问从句
选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whethe…ornot构成，例如：
Pleasetellmewhether/iftheyareSwedishorDanish.请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。
Idon“tcarewhetheryouliketheplanornot.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m否定转移
1)将think,believe,suppose,expect,fancy,imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。
Idon”tthinkIknowyou.我想我并不认识你。Idon“tbelievehewillcome.我相信他不回来。
注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。Ihopeyouweren”till.我想你没有生病吧。
2)将seem,appear等后的从句的否定转移到前面。Itdoesn“tseemthattheyknowwheretogo.
本资料由阳光家教网整理看来他们不知道往哪去。
Itdoesn”tappearthatwe“llhaveasunnydaytomorrow.看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。
3)有时将动名词，介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。Idon”trememberhavingeverseensuchaman.
我记得从未见过这样一个人。(not否定动名词短语having…)
It“snotaplacewhereanyonewouldexpecttoseestrangecharactersonthestreet.在这里，人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。(anyone作主语，从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。)4)有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。
Theantisnotgatheringthisforitselfalone.(否定状语)蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。
HewasnotreadytobelievesomethingjustbecauseAristotlesaidso.(否定because状语)他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何，就轻信此事。
Shehadnotbeenmarriedmanyweekswhenthatman”syoungerbrothersawherandwasstruckbyherbeauty.(否定状语manyweeks)她结婚还不到几个月，这个人的弟弟就看见她了，并对她的美貌着了迷
高中英语语法教案10
作文题目：在雨中
写作训练：1.多些亲身经历、亲眼观察、淋漓尽致的描摩比拟 。2.突破单一的情境、意象。3.不同思绪、意境的转接、相承、铺展与似无却有的
文意绵延
就是写“雨”：一滴滴的，细丝般的"，绵绵的，倾盆的，泼洒的伴着雷声的，闪电呢？来去匆忙的，接连数日无止尽的
写景，从窗内望出去，从骑楼看出去，在路上见到，赶着上学时、放学下课后（如：接送家长变多了……）黄昏，晚上，夜里近景，远景天空，地面，处身其中的，远远望去的，凝神欣赏的，冷眼旁观的
写人：撑伞的，淋雨的，走路的，骑车的，匆忙的，慌乱的，悠闲的，出糗的，倒霉的，自得其乐的，无奈的，焦虑的，咒骂的，贪玩的，戏耍的，温馨的，相扶持的
写物：招牌，屋宇，盆栽，电线杆，栏杆，灯光，路面、倒影、花草树木、水坑落叶残花，
写生活的影响：增添趣味的，不便的，因此改期的，漏水的，积水阻碍交通的
写自己的习惯：在雨中漫步，在屋子里看书、发呆、听雨声
写雨中具体的感觉：湿滑的、黏腻的、清凉的、畅快的，脚下的，头发，衣服，肌肤的，鼻子闻的，耳里不断的（滴答，淅沥，轰隆）
写抽象的心情：烦闷的，忧郁的，焦躁的，不安的，感性的，浪漫的，别有兴致的，喜悦的，诗情画意的，善于品味的
写出诗意：叩访文学世界，品味诗人眼底心底笔下的雨：具体生活的描摩：雨之为物，能令昼短，能令夜长在你眼中，雨代表滋润万物，洗涤大地，或是无情摧花落？
雨的美感是屋檐下相逢共撑一把伞，一屋子共聚，是感怀伤逝，是离别的踟蹰，是噙泪相思？雨在诗词文学里有太多意涵，找出贴近自己心情的相濡以“墨”。
高中英语语法教案11
高中英语语法的教案归纳
几种容易混淆的时态比较
bsp; be back
fall asleep/go to sleep → be asleep
1. 他已出去了。他出去了好几个小时了。
2.他已睡着了。睡着了好一会儿了。
2、make sure/be sure表示“采取措施以保证”之意时，从句中的时态用一般时或完成时。
1.Make sure that you ______(turn) off the light when you leave.
离开时务必关灯。
2.Make sure that you ________(finish) the work before six.
务必在六点前结束工作。
3.The hunter held his hand tightly to be sure that he didn"t bow,either.
那位猎人紧握他儿子的手，以使他也不低头鞠躬。
3、在时间状语或条件状语从句中，用一般现在时或现在完成时表示一般将来时，一般过去时或过去完成时表示过去将来时。
1.Tell him about that when he _______(come).
2.His daughter won"t go to bed until she _______(finish) her homework.
3.We would get into trouble as soon as the gas _______( run ) out.
高中英语语法重点难点回顾
little,no,some, 等修饰。
I have read all the book (that) you gave me.
4)先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last 修饰时。
He is the only person that I want to talk to.
5)先行词既有人又有物时。They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.
先行词是表示地点时,要根据从句的谓语动词是及物的还是不及物的。如果是及物的就用that(which),否则用where。
This is the house where he lived last year.
This is the house that (which) he visited last year.
用no sooner…than和hardly…when引导的从句表示“刚……就……”。主句中的动词一般用过去完成时,从句用过去时;而且主句一般倒装,把助动词had提到前面。例如：Hardly had I entered the room when I heard a loud noise.
代词作主语时,主谓语序不变。Here it is. Here he comes.
当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时也常常引起全部倒装。
South of the city lies a big steel factory.
From the valley came a frightening sound.
表语置于句首时,倒装结构为“表语+连系动词+主语”。
Present at the meeting were Professor White,Professor Smith and many other guests.
Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people.
Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys.
He has been to Beijing. So have I.
Li Wei can’t answer the question. Neither can I.
部分倒装
用于省略if的虚拟条件状语从句。Had you reviewed your lessons,you might have passed the examination.
3.用于“形容词(或名词、动词)+as(though)引导的让步状语从句中。例如：Pretty as she is ,she is not clever.
Try as he would, he might fail again.
如果从句的表语是名词,其名词前不加任何冠词。
Child as he was, he had to make a living.
用于no sooner…than…,hardly…when和not until的句型中。Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework.
用于never,hardly,seldom,scarcely, barely, little,often,at no time,not only,not once等词开头的句子。
Never shall I do this again.
Little did he know who the woman was.
6.用于以only开头的句子(only修饰副词,介词短语或状语从句时)。Only this afternoon did I finish the novel.
Only in this way can you master English.
Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in.
如果only后面的词组不是状语,则不用倒装。
Only Wang Ling knows this.
用于某些表示祝愿的句子。May you succeed!祝你成功!
stomach－stomachs，a German－three Germans,
an American－two Americans，man cook - men cooks;
papers 报纸, 文件 manners礼貌 drinks饮料
in a word 简言之?in other words 换句话说
have words with 与某人吵嘴
have a few words (a word) with sb.与某人说几句话
The crowd were running for their lives．
某些集体名词, 如people, police, cattle等, 只当复数看待, 谓语动词必须用复数。The police are searching for him.
高中英语语法重点难点回顾
d that she (should) stay in bed for a few days.
He demanded that we (should) start right away.
作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request等名词的表语从句和同位语从句,其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构“(should)＋动词原形”。例如：We all agreed to his suggestion that we(should) go to Beijing for sightseeing.
My idea is that we (should) do exercises first.
在feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch, have, let, make等词后的补足语中,不定式不带to。但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时,就必须带to。例如：I often hear him sing the song.
He is often heard to sing the song.
注意：不定式动词在介词but, except, besides后面时,如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么,这些介词后的不定式不带to,否则要带to.如：
She could do nothing but cry.
What do you like to do besides swim?
I have no choice but to go.
作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。例如：He is looking for a room to live in.
There is nothing to worry about.
Please give me a knife to cut with.
There / It is no use/ good/ not any use/ good/ useless doing sth.
动词后可以用动名词作宾语,但不能用不定式:
admit,appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, include, keep, mention,mind,miss,practise, put off, resist, risk, suggest, can’t help, can’t stand(无法忍受)等。
I tried not to go there.(我设法不去那里。)
I tried doing it again.(我试着又干了一次。)]
mean to do 有意... mean doing意味着...
I mean to come early today.(我打算今天早些来。)
Missing the train means waiting for another hour.
(误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时。)
allow, advise, forbid, permit
We don’t allow smoking here. We don’t allow students to smoke.
动词need,require,want作“需要”解,其后跟动词作它的宾语时,若表示的含义是被动的,必须用动名词,或不定式的被动式。例如：
The window needs(requires, wants)cleaning(to be cleaned).
在短语devote to, look forward to, pay attention to, stick to, be used to, object to,thank you for, excuse me for 等后的动词也必须用动名词形式：I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Badly polluted, the water cannot be drunk.(原因)
Being written in haste, the composition is full of mistakes.
(原因,强调写的过程,故应用现在分词一般被动式)
Having been deserted by his guide, he couldn’t find his way through the jungle.(为了强调已完成的动作)
Asked to stay, I couldn’t very well refuse.
这里 asked 可能意味着 having been asked, 也可能意味着when/since I was asked, 但用了 having been asked 就不会有歧义。
下面句中过去分词表示的时间与谓语动词所表示的时间相同，所以不能代之以强调先于谓语动词的现在分词完成被动式。例如：
Covered with confusion, I left the room.我很窘地离开了房间。
United, we stand; divided, we fall. 团结则存，分裂则亡。
He used to live in London, use(d)n’t he /didn’t he?
There used to be a cinema here before the war, use(d)n’t there /didn’t there?
Such things ought not to be allowed, ought they?
He ought to be punished, oughtn’t he?
但在正式文体中,用ought we not形式。例如:
We ought to go, ought we not?或We ought to go ,should we not?
含有情态动词must的句子表示推则,作“想必”解时,疑问部分不可用mustn’t。若前句强调对现在情况的推测,疑问部分用aren’t(isn’t)十主语,例如：You must be tired,aren’t you?若陈述部分的"must表示“有必要”时,附加疑问句部分则用needn’t。例如：You must go home right now, needn’t you?
当mustn’t 表示禁止时,附加疑问部分一般用must。如：
You mustn’t walk on grass, must you?
前句谓语动词是must have＋过去分词时,若前句强调对过去情况的推测(一般有过去时间状语),疑问部分的谓语动词用didn’t＋主语;若前句强调动作的完成,疑问部分的谓语动词用haven’t(hasn’t)＋主语, 例如：
He must have met her yesterday, didn’t he?
You must have seen the film, haven’t you?
陈述句谓语部分出现否定词缀时(前缀或后缀),疑问部分仍用否定结构。例如:He is unfit for his office, isn’t he?
如果陈述部分包含有no, never, hardly, seldom, few, little,nowhere, nothing等否定或半否定词时,疑问部分用肯定形式。例如：He is hardly 14 years old,is he?
如果陈述部分的主语为everyone,someone,no one等不定代词,其疑问部分的主语可用he,也可用they。
Everyone knows his job, doesn’t he?
Everyone knows their job,don’t they?
No one was hurt,were they?
I’m late, aren’t I?
One can’t be too careful,can one(you)?
Have a cup of tea, will you?
Let’s go there,shall we? Let us go there,will you?
同位语从句跟在名词后面,进一步说明该名词的具体内容。引导同位语从句的名词主要有fact, news, promise, idea, truth等。连接词用that (不用which)及连接副词how, when, where, why等。例如：
His delay is due to the fact that the car went wrong halfway.
The news that our team has won the match is true.
She asked the reason why there was a delay.
关联词只能用whether不能用if表示“是否”的情况如下:
A)在表语从句和同位语从句中。例如：
The question is whether the film is worth seeing.
The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.
B)在主语从句中,只有用it作形式主语时,whether和if都能引导主语从句,否则,也只能用whether。例如：
Whether we shall attend the meeting hasn’t been decided yet.
It hasn’t been decided whether(if)we shall attend the meeting.
C)在介词之后。(介词往往可以省略)例如：
It all depends (on) whether they will support us.
D)后面直接跟动词不定式时。
He doesn’t know whether to stay or not.
E)后面紧接or not 时。
We didn’t know whether or not she was ready.
F)引导让步状语从句,只能用whether。
Whether you like it or not, you must do it well.
G)用if会引起歧义时。例如：Please let me know if you like it.
该句有两个意思：“请告诉我你是否喜欢”。
或“如果你喜欢,请告诉我。”用了whether就可以避免。
在下面几种情况下必须用“that”引导定语从句：
1)先行词是不定代词：all,few,little, much,something,nothing,anything等。All that we have to do is to practise every day.
2)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰。
The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.
3)先行词被all,any,every, each, few,
高中英语语法重点难点回顾
主谓一致常考难题：
Five minutes is enough to do this exercise．
Each boy and each girl wants to serve the people in future．
More than one student has seen the film.
Many a ship has been damaged in the storm.
More members than one are against your plan.
一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时, 谓语通常用复数形式：glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors等。
但如果主语用a kind of , a pair of , a series of等加名词构成时, 谓语动词一般用单数形式。A pair of shoes was on the desk．
并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时, 谓语动词用单数形式, 这时and后面的名词没有冠词。例如:
Truth and honesty is the best policy．
The girl’s teacher and friend is a young doctor．
To love and to be loved is the great happiness.
Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.
A knife and fork is on the table.
当主语后面跟有as well as, as much as , no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引导的词组时, 其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数而定。例如:
The teacher as well as the students was excited．
The room with its furniture was rented．
A (great) number of修饰可数复数名词, 谓语动词用复数; a great deal of,a large amount of 修饰不可数名词, 其短语作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。
关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时, 其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。例如:
Those who want to go please sign your names here．
Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun．
季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐、学科名称，球类、棋类名词名称前一般不加冠词。
1/2 one(a) half 1/4 one(a) quarter
形容词的顺序：
系动词be，grow，get，become，feel，appear，prove，seem，look，keep，smell，taste，sound，turn，remain限定词+数量形容词(序数词在前，基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+新旧+颜色+国藉+材料
Those three beautiful large square old brown wood table
某些以a-开首的形容词例如：afraid，alike，alone，asleep，awake, alive 等只能作表语,不能作定语。
某些以-ly结尾的词是形容词而不是副词：friendly，lively， lovely，lonely，likely，deadly，silly，orderly, timely等。
1)close接近地 closely仔细地，密切地
2)free 免费地 freely自由地,无拘束地
3)hard努力地 hardly几乎不
4)late 晚，迟 lately近来
5)most 极,非常 mostly主要地
6)wide广阔地，充分地 widely广泛地
7)high高 highly高度地，非常地
8)deep深，迟 deeply抽象意义的“深”
9)loud大声地 loudly大声地(含有喧闹的意思)
10)near邻近nearly几乎
bad/ill,badly worse worst little less least
表示一方不及另一方时，用“less＋原级＋than”的结构表示：This room is less beautiful than that one．
表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语，如：even，a lot，a bit，a little，still，much，far, yet, by far等修饰：He works even harder than before．
注意:by far 通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时,一般放在比较级的后面, 如放在前面,应在二者中间加“the”。
He is taller by far than his brother.
He is by far the taller of the two brothers.
某些以-or结尾的形容词进行比较时，用to代替than。superior，junior，senior等。
He is superior to Mr Wang in mathematics．
在比较从句中为了避免重复通常用that(those)，one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物，one既可指人，也可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，而one只能代替可数名词。例如：
The book on the table is more interesting than that on the desk．
A box made of iron is stronger than one made of wood．
表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:
A is three (four,etc.) times the size (height, length, width,etc) of B.
The new building is four times the size (the height) of the old one.
这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大(四倍高)。［高三倍］
A is three (four, etc.) times as big (high, long, wide, etc.) as B.
Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。
A is three (four,etc.) times bigger (higher, longer, wider) than B.
例如:Your school is three times bigger than ours.
你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。
表示两倍可以用 twice 或 double。
表示“最高程度”的形容词，如excellent，extreme，perfect等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级。
如果复数名词前有many、few，不可数名词前有much、little等表示量的形容词时，该用so而不用such。如：
I’ve had so many falls that I’m black and blue all over.
Mr White got so little money a month that he could hardly keep body and soul together.
但little不表示数量而表示“小”的意思时,仍用such。如:
They are such little children that the they cannot clean the house by themselves.
6)almost与nearly
在very, pretty, not后用nearly, 不用almost。例如：
I’m not nearly ready.
在any, no, none, never前用almost, 不用nearly。例如：
I almost never see her.
need 表示“需要”或“必须”,作情态动词时,仅用于否定句或疑问句中。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to或should 代替。例如：
You needn’t come so early.
Need I finish the work today? －－Yes, you must.
注意：needn’t have done“表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事”。例如：You needn’t have waited for me.
“should have done”表示应该做到而实际上没有做到。
You should have started earlier.
“ought to have done”表示过去应做某事而实际未做。
You ought to have helped him (but you didn’t)
书报的标题,小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。
表示感觉,愿望和状态的某些动词如have, be, hear, see, like等词一般不用进行时。
有些动词形式上是主动结构,但表示被动的意思。常见的有可和 well, easily 等副词连用的不及物动词sell,wash,write,read,clean,cook等。例如：
The cloth washes well.这布很经洗。
The new product sells well.这新产品很畅销。
The pen writes well.这支笔很好写。
在动词 arrange,command, demand, desire,insist, order,propose, request, require, suggest等后面的宾语从句中用“(should)＋ 动词原形”(虚拟语气)例如：
We suggested that we (should) have a meeting.
We insisted that they (should) go with us.
The doctor ordere
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