沪江网校怎么样|沪江网校：09秋季高口Section 1 Spot Dictation 听力原文

Spot Dictation

For more than two centuries, American"s colleges and universities have been the backbone of the country"s progress. They have educated their technical, managerial and professional work force, and provided generation after generation of national leaders.

Today, educators from around the country are up to find many reasons for the excellence of the American universities.

But four historic acts stand out as watersheds.

First, education for the mass. In 1862, congress enacted the Land-Grand College Act, which essentially extended the opportunity of higher education to all Americans, including women and minorities.

Each state was permitted to sell large tracts of federal land, and use the proceeds to endow at least one public college.

Second, competition breeds success. Over the years, the decentralization and diversity of the America"s colleges and universities have promoted competition for students and resources.

Competitive pressure first arose during the Civil War, when President Lincoln created the National Academy of Science, to advice congress on any subject of science and art.

The academy"s impact really grew after World War 2, when a landmark report commissioned by the then president, argue that it was the Federal government"s responsibility to provide adequate funds for basic research.

Instead of been centralized in government"s laboratories, scientific research became decentralized in the American universities, and generated increasing investment.

It also gave graduate students research opportunities, and help spread scientific discoveries far and wide, to the benefit of industry, medicine, and society as a whole.

Thirdly, investing in the future. The end of World War 2, saw the passage of the Servicemen"s Readjustment Act of 1944.

The law, which provided for college or vocational education for returning veterans, made the higher education system accessible in ways that were inconceivable in Europe, opening the doors of the best universities to men and women who had never dreamed of going to college.

Finally, promoting diversity. The creation of federal loan and subsidy programs, as well as outright grants for college students, brought much needed diversity to higher education, and further help to democratize access.

Since it"s funded in 1965, Federal Family Education Loan Program has funded more than 74 million student loans, worth more than 180 billion dollars.

注释：

the Land-Grand College Act：also known as The Morrill Land-Grant Acts. It was United States statutes that allowed for the creation of land-grant colleges, including the Morrill Act of 1862 and the Morrill Act of 1890 (the Agricultural College Act of 1890).

Servicemen"s Readjustment Act:

The G.I. Bill (officially titled Servicemen"s Readjustment Act of 1944) was an omnibus bill that provided college or vocational education for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as GIs) as well as one year of unemployment compensation. It also provided many different types of loans for returning veterans to buy homes and start businesses. Since the original act, the term has come to include other veteran benefit programs created to assist veterans of subsequent wars as well as peacetime service.

The Federal Family Education Loan Program (FFEL) is the largest of the U.S. higher education loan programs. FFEL was initiated by the Higher Education Act of 1965 and is funded through a public/private partnership administered at the state and local level. In 2007-08, FFEL served 6.5 million students and parents, lending a total of $54.7 billion in new loans (or 80 percent of all new federal student loans). Since 1965, 60 million Americans have used FFEL loans to pay for education expenses.

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沪江网校怎么样|沪江网校：09秋季高口Section 1 Spot Dictation 听力原文

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