【大学英语四级考试大纲】《大学英语四级考试大纲》

一、命题原则《大学英语四级考试大纲》（2006 修订版）的作文命题原则是，写作选用考生所熟悉的题材，考生根据规定的题目和所提供的提纲、情景、图片或图表等，写出一篇不少于l20 词的短文；思想表达准确、[db:cate]

一、命题原则

《大学英语四级考试大纲》（2006 修订版）的作文命题原则是，写作选用考生所熟悉的题

材，考生根据规定的题目和所提供的提纲、情景、图片或图表等，写出一篇不少于l20 词的

短文；思想表达准确、意义连贯、无严重语法错误。考试时间30 分钟。《考纲》同时指出，

大学英语四级考试写作部分要求考生达到《教学要求》中的一般要求，即“能完成一般性写

作任务，能描述个人经历、观感、情感和发生的事件等，能写常见的应用文，能就一般性话

题或提纲在半小时内写出至少l20 词的短文，内容基本完整，用词恰当，语意连贯。能掌握

基本的写作技能。”那么，新‘考纲’实施来的五次考试又采用了哪些命题形式呢？

二、命题形式

根据内容和结构，命题形式可以分为三类：1.正反阐释题；2. 阐释原因、方法，描述危害

题；3. 通知、书信题。

1.正反阐释题

正反阐释题就是在两种思路观点始终对立的情况下，作者自己权衡利弊得出一个自

己的结论。简单地说就是：一些人认为，另一些人认为，我认为。以这种思路为主要套

路的文章总是在正反论证，有很多书籍也把它单独称作正反阐释文。2006 年12 月23

日的作文就是此类：Spring Festival Gala on CCTV；1.许多人喜欢在除夕观看春节晚会。

2.有些人提出取消春节晚会。3.我的看法。6 月份刚考过的四级作文Recreational Activities

也可以归为此类。

2. 阐释原因、方法，描述危害题

阐释原因、方法，描述危害题就是围绕一个突出的社会或校园现象，来解释这一现象背

后的原因，或其造成的危害及解决这一问题的方法等。改革后的五次考试中，有三次采用此

种作文题型，08 年6 月的这一次作文可以看成是1-2 两种方法的变异体。2006 年6 月24 日

On Students Selecting Lecturers 1. 有些大学允许学生自由选择某些课程的任课教师；2.

学生选择教师时所考虑的主要因素； 3. 学生自选任课教师的益处和可能产生的问题。2007

年12 月22 日What Electives to Choose 1.各大学开设了各种各样的选修课；2.学生因为各

种原因选择了不同的选修课；3.以你自己为例……；2008 年6 月21 日Recreational Activities

1.娱乐活动多种多样；2.娱乐活动可能使人们受益，也可能有危害性；3.作为大学生，我认为……。

3. 告示、书信题。

告示、书信题就是围绕某一个相关的主题说明其原因，具体步骤或者过程。这类题看起

来像应用文的书信、告示和演讲，但是他们的格式都不在考试项目之内。这类题和第二类阐

释原因、方法，描述危害题有很多相似之处。2007 年6 月23 日的Welcome to Our Club 1.

本社团的主要活动内容；2.参加本社团的好处；3.如何参加本社团。

三、写作思路与技巧

四级作文一般由三部分组成，开头(introduction)，正文(body) 和结尾(conclusion)。开头

提出作文需要讨论的问题，正文从不同的方面展开主题(事例、原因、方法等)，结尾一般是

个人对该问题的看法。这三部分构成一个框架，就像人体的三大部分——头、身和脚不可分

割一样。而具体的原因和个人看法的语言描述就像血和肉，把骨架的三个部分不同的特点展

现出来。所以通过对考题的研究，人们对于上面的三种作文命题方式，推出了不少“诱人的”

写作框架，把血肉(具体内容)留出来让使用者自己往里面填，以便写出“杰作”获得高分。

这样写作文就像完成填空练习，在别人的骨架上填上自己的血肉，创造出一个优于自己的“化

身”，这就是我们常说的模板作文。不过，同一个模版使用的人太多，就不吸引人了，也写

不出“杰作”了，但是其思路值得我们借鉴。

正反阐释题: 正反阐释题是要描述问题的两个相对立的方面，所以开头就要提出X主题，

然后介绍人们对X 问题持不同的看法。

开头：1.简单的开头：In China today, X（争论的焦点）is a controversial issue. Some people

believe that （观点1）, while others maintain that （观点2）；2.复杂一点的开头：When it comes

to X （争论的焦点）, people vary in their opinions. Some people hold the view that （观点1），

while others take an opposite stand, firmly believing that（观点2）。

上面开头的框架的用词、句型和上下文的衔接手法比较正式，它避免了一些简单词的重

复，如：some think…; others think…, 而使用了believe, maintain 这些比较正式的语言。此

类的词还有believe, maintain, hold, claim, contend, argue, point out，短语be of the view，

hold the opinion that 等，这些词可以让作文读起来有“水平”。

正文主要展开正反两方对立的原因，一般是先陈述正方的理由2 点就够了，然后再

陈述反方的理由。

正文：1. A. The reasons why some people maintain（观点1）can be listed as follows. First,

（论据1）…. What’s more, （论据2）…. B. However, those who hold（观点2）also have their

compelling reasons. They claim that （论据1）…. They also argue that （论据2）…。

2. A. Those who maintain（观点1）clarify their point by the fact that（论据1）… 。They also

argue that（论据2）…。B. Nevertheless, people who contend（观点2）defend their point with

the undeniable fact (论据1）…。They also point out that（论据2）…。

结尾:一般是个人对争论的焦点发表自己看法。通常有两种方法，一种是支持一方并阐述

自己的理由；另一种是折中的方法，肯定双方都有道理，然后提出自己不同的见解。

A. 支持一方: Based on the above discussion, it seems to me that the former/latter opinion holds

more weight in that（论据1）…, and that（论据2）…. Therefore, we may safely come to the

conclusion that (支持的观点)….

B.折中: After pondering on the above discussion, I have to admit that there are some merits to

both sides. 1. Therefore, I would like to take their advantages by absorbing (针对观点1 有益的部

分）and（针对观点2 有益的部分）so that we can (最终目标)….。2. But to absorb the benefits

of both sides, I believe that （自己的解决方案）is the key. Only in that way, can we (最终目

标)….。

从三部分的结构来看，框架是我们的作文连贯，使用时我们应注意，开头点题要推敲；

正反两方要有主题句；结尾总结要有个人的观点。

阐释原因、方法，描述危害题: 详细地讨论正反阐释题作文后，下面我们简单讨论一下

由此演变的出来的阐释原因、方法，描述危害题。此类题涉及到正反阐释题的一个方面，正

的可能是好的；反的可能是坏的；有时好坏难辨，需要作者自己证明。问题提出后，就是

分析原因，表达自己的观点。所以这类作文的写作步骤是：开头引入题目中提到的现象，略

作说明；正文就提纲中的要求说明原因、方法或危害；结尾给出解决问题的方法或是展望未

来等。重点的写作部分是正文的原因、危害或解决方法(参照第一部分的内容)。如：2008 年

6 月21 日的Recreational Activities 1.娱乐活动多种多样；2.娱乐活动可能使人们受益，也

可能有危害性；3.作为大学生，我认为……。本提纲中的第二点类似正反阐释题，但是第一

点提出了一种现象，所以说它是1-2 类的混合型。

根据上面的框架、论据思路和注意的问题我们来讨论如何完成一篇作文。从标题

Recreational Activities 我们可以得到主题、介绍背景和提出问题。开头：As we know, now

there is a rich variety of recreational activities for us to choose from, but people vary in their

opinions about the benefits and harms that these activities may bring us. One of them is playing

computer games，这样我们完成了开头。下面的益处和危害性可以从大的和小的两方面展开。

Some people hold the view that playing computer games can benefit the players and our

country. First, playing computer games can focus us on something exciting and improve our

response to rapidly changing situations, thus helping reduce our stress and anxiety in work and

study. Besides, more consumers in computer games can promote the development of computer

entertainment industry in China, closing the gap between China and other developed countries in

this field. However, the potential hazards cannot be neglected. Playing games all the time can

induce the players to ignore their study and work, and even harm their physical and mental health.

What’s more, some young players may copy the violence in the games, which has caused great

concern for parents, schools, and even the whole society.正文我们花了比较长的篇幅(128

words)，下面的结尾我们采用折中，提出自己的看法。

Through the above discussion, I have to admit that there is some reason to both sides. For

college students, self-discipline is the most important and no matter what creational activities we

take, we should remember that they are only one means to serve our end to work and study more

energetically and efficiently.

告示、书信题: 本题型与阐释原因、方法、描述危害的作文考题有许多相同之处，都是

以说明一些原因或细节为主干的。告示开头点题，正文描述原因（好处或害处）和方法步骤，

结尾呼吁和落款。书信的开头自我介绍提出写信目的，正文解释原因或描述过程，结尾表示

感谢和期待回信等等。思路可以参考上文提到的大原因和小原因。下面以2007 年6 月23

日的Welcome to Our Club 1.本社团的主要活动内容；2.参加本社团的好处；3.如何参加本

社团。

Welcome to Our Club

开头点题：

Dear fellow students,

This summer, the Bicycle Tour Club has planned to organize a DIY bicycle tour to Beijing in

support of the 2008 Olympic Games.

正文描述原因（好处）和方法步骤

Also through this tour, we hope to spread the concept of Green Olympics and raise people’s

awareness of saving energy, being close to nature and protecting our environment. During the tour,

we college students can see and experience the changes of China both in the city and in the

countryside with our own eyes and on our own physical strength and deepen our understanding of

the reforms and the achievements accomplished in China in the past 3 decades. Also in this way,

we can improve our temperament and character and show to the world how we Chinese college

students reduce our “carbon footprint” and display the concept of Green Olympics.

结尾呼吁和落款

All of you are welcome to join us. If you are interested in this tour, please contact us before

June 30. For more details, click on www.diy-bicycle-tour.com.cn.

Thank you.

DIY Bicycle Tour Club

由于，提纲只是给我们提供了要点，

而没有提供论据。有些学生考试时，打不开思路，写不出原因；还有些学生不知道如何把要

点变成主题句，为此我们提出以下建议。

提纲变成主题句的技巧：

1.如果是疑问句，变成陈述句；

2.如果是短语，变成完整的句子。如：Reading Selectively or Extensively? 1.有人认为读书要有选择；2.有人认为应当博览群书。在这个提纲中“读书要有选择”和“博览群书”就是两个短语，变成完整的句子就必须按英语句子结构补全主语和谓语。如果按照Some people believe that （观点1）, while othersmaintain that （观点2）来套用的话，Some people believe that we should read selectively, whilothers maintain that we should read extensively, 加上we should 后才构成完整的句子。如果照原文翻译，Some people believe that read selectively, while others maintain that read extensively 最后的分数可能在五分以下。当然也可用其他的变通方式，如：Some people believe that we can benefit more from reading selectively, while others maintain that reading extensively can

bring us more profits.

论据不好展开时，可以从两个方面入手：1.环境，国家，社会，集体的利益和需求；2. 个人或普通百姓的利益和需求。环境和国家需要可持续发展(sustainable development); 和谐社会建设(construction of a harmonious society; social harmony); 全面建设小康社会的目标(the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects)等大的层面来考虑；个人可以涉及身体和身心健康（physical health; psychological / mental health）；素质和能力（quality；capability）；社会责任和需求(social commitment；social requirements); 职业规划与竞争(career planning；competition)等来切入。

结尾拿不定把握时，可以从三个方面来考虑。1.坏现象，写采取什么措施来解决。国家的措施有法律，制度和政策(policy)；个人的措施涉及教育，提高意识(awareness),自己从我做起等（take the lead in doing）；2.好现象，发扬光大，展望未来，锦上添花；3.好坏看法不一致的时，发表自己的看法，折中或偏向一方，参照一、二点。

如果作文的提纲出现两点写不动时，按照上面的三部分要求来写，一段写现象(situation)

提出问题(topic), 二段分析写原因(causes), 三段写建议(measures)。框架和内容的问题解决后要注意词汇和句型的多样化。从句，短语和同义词汇交替使用体现多样化。词汇不要把一个词从头用到尾，如：“获得”可以用：obtain; gain; acquire; achieve等，不要使用get 这类口语化很浓的词；观点的表达可用Many people believe / hold…; others argue/claim…; In my opinion/view,…；或It is acknowledged by many people that …; It is also believed by other people that…; As for me, …。

要使自己的作文上档次，还要注意避免几种低级错误：1.三个一致（主谓一致；时态一致；单复数一致）；2.句子的主语和谓语是否完整；

3.拼写错误：词性success n. succeed vi.；错拼studying – studing*；opinion – opion*。

以上我们对‘新考纲’实施以来的五次作文命题的分析的目的，是希望同学们注意作文

整体的连贯性、思路的开放性和语言结构的多样性；框架的讨论不是为了让大家去套用，而

是启迪大家在写作实践中完善自己独特的“创新框架”, 在考试中取得满意的佳绩。

下面是范文,写的时候不需要那么完美,关键是把握重点.标注的要重点背.

* 　一、求学信/求职信

Dear Sir /Madam,(开头称呼不要遗漏,有名字就写Mr.or Ms.;没有名字就如上写的.)

　　I am a senior(毕业生) from the Department of Business Administration. I am writing the letter in purpose of(表明目的,相当于to) applying for a position of a staff member(职员) in your company .

　　I am sure that I am qualified(有资格的,能胜任的) for it. First, enclosed with this letter(随信附上的附件) is my resume(求职简历), which further details(进一步地详细介绍了) my previous(之前的) academic qualifications(学历) and work experience. Second, not only do my qualifications and experience make me a perfect candidate(完美的候选人) for it,but my cheerful (乐天派的) personality(性格) is well suited to(很适合与...to在这里是介词) studying in your prestigious(尊贵的) university/working as a staff member. Last, my hobbies(hobby复数,爱好) include(包括,代替are) sports and music.

　　I would highly(代替very) appreciate(表示感激最正式的词) for(我会对...很感激的) your prompt(快速的) and favorable(友善的) attention to(关注) my inquiry(询问)

　　Yours sincerely,(结尾的套话)

Li Ming(署名也别忘了)

句型:first,second,last... ;not only ,but (also);I would appreciate for.../if you could do ...

核心词汇:apply for(申请),applicant /candidate (申请人),accademic qualifications, working experiences,personality(性格)上文用了cheerful,还可用diligent(勤奋的),helpful...

　　二、开幕词

Ladies and gentlemen,

　　Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, welcome to Beijing! To begin with, I would like to make a brief introduction to myself. I am the president of Motorola (China) Electronics Ltd.

　　The following is my introduction to the conference. First, it is my great honor to be here with all of you and declare(宣布) open the Conference of International Trade Cooperation. Second, on behalf of(代表) our company, I would like to express my heartfelt welcome to all the guests and delegates(代表们). Last, I believe our cooperative(合作的) efforts are sure to be productive(有好处的,代替good).

I wish all of you enjoy yourselves during this conference and hope the above(以上的) information will help you. If you have any question for me, please feel free to(毫不拘束的) ask at any time. Thank you for your attention.

* make a brief introduction to myself 也可写作 introduce myself briefly...

句型:to begin with,the following is ,first ,second,last;I would express my heartfelt welcome to ...(表达衷心的欢迎,感谢gratitude,歉意apology)

* 四、通知

Directions:

　　The Students’ Union of your department is planning a Chinese Speaking Contest(竞赛). Write an announcement which covers the following information:

　　1) the purpose of the contest,

　　2) time and place of the contest,

　　3) what is required of the candidates,

　　4) details of the judges(评审老师) and awards.

　　Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Department of Chinese Language and Literature at the end of the announcement.(看清题干的要求)

Chinese Speaking Contest (标题)

　　February 3, 2007(日期)

　　To improve students’ ability to speak Chinese and enrich(v.丰富) after-class activities(指出purpose), the Students’ Union of Department of Chinese Language and Literature is organizing(组织) a school-wide(全校的) Chinese speaking contest to be held on Saturday next week (10 February) at the Students’ Auditorium(指出time and place). Those who are interested in taking part in(参与) it may sign up(登记) with the monitor(班长) of their classes before Tuesday next week(指出想参加的人要做什么). Five professors will be invited to be judges. The first six winners will be given awards(judges and awards). Everybody is welcome to be present at(出席,在这里就是观赛) the contest.

　　The Students’ Union

Department of Chinese Language and Literature

词汇:enrich,organize,take part in,sign up with sb.,be present at.after-class,school-wide;

句型:those who...定语从句,作文里至少用上一次

题干有要求的情况,一定要全部完成,漏掉一个分数就会大打折扣,所以看清题目再下笔.

　　五、邀请信

　　Directions: You want to invite some friends to a party. Write an invitation letter to them individually:

　　1) Invite them to the party,

　　2) Elaborate on(详细说明) the reason why such a party should be held,

　　3) What activities will be arranged for them.

Dear Snoopy,

　　I am greatly honored to formally invite you to participate in my 20-years-old birthday party to be held at Beijing Grand Hotel from 8 to 10 p.m. on April 1, 2007.

As you are my close(亲密的) friend , I would like you to attend the celebration and share my joy.ball,dinner,games...(可以用first ,second,last...串起来)　

If you do not have any prior appointment(先前的约会) on April 1, we look forward to the pleasure of your company(n.陪伴).

Yours sincerely,

　　Li Ming

词汇:参与 participate in = take part in ;prior =previous (之前的);appointment(约会) 也可以换成 arrangement(安排)

　现象分析题:

　六、考试

　　Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic My Views on Examinations. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below:

　　1、大学都用考试来衡量学生的成绩

　　2、考生可能带来的副作用

　　3、我对考试的看法

　　In most colleges and universities the examination is used as a chief means of deciding whether a student succeeds or fails in mastering(掌握) a particular(特定的) subject. Although it does the job quite efficiently(有效率地), its side effects (副作用)are also enormous(巨大的,也可用can never be neglected).

　　To begin with, examinations lower the level of teaching. Since teachers are often judged by examination results, they are reduced to training their students in exam techniques(考试技巧).However, no subjects can be taught successfully merely(代替only) through this way.In addition, the most undesirable(不好的,代替bad) effect is that examinations encourage bad study habits. As the examination score is the only standard for his academic performance, a student is driven to(被驱使着) memorize mechanically rather than think creatively.

　　In fact, few of us admit that examinations can contribute anything really important to the students’ academic development. If that is the case, why cannot we make a change and devise(设计,发明) something more efficient and reliable than examinations?

句型:衔接:although/but从一个方面转到另一个方面;若是几个方面是并列的,则用to begin with,in addition,最简单就是first,second,last...;是否,用whether/if 从句;

围绕一个论点提出论据时用:because,since,as从句,或者due to ,owing to,with the result of后接短语;提出建议时,可由why not...?

词汇:同义词组:effective and reliable,scientific and efficient,practical and productive;反义词组:succeed or fail,mechanically or creatively 同义词组连用重复加强语义,反义词组连用形成对比更有说服力.

　　七、最难忘的人

　　Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic The most unforgettable Person I ever Know. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below:

　　1、我生活中最难忘的人是······

　　2、为什么他(或她)令我难以忘怀

　　3、结论

　　In my life I have met many people who are really worth recalling. But perhaps the most unforgettable person I ever know is my English teacher.

　　What frequently brings back memories of my school teacher is his special qualities. First of all, he gave us the greatest gift a teacher can offer—an awakening of a passion for learning. He not only led us to an appreciation of the beauty and perfection of English language and literature, but also aroused our great interest in explorating something deeper in this field. Second, I was attracted by his lively wit. I remember that we students always participated his class with great eagerness because his lecture were humorously delivered, never failing to provoke chuckles or loud laughs.

　　Although it is nearly two years since I attended his last class, he is the talk of our old classmates, and I know part of him has already stayed in my heart.

八、图表作文

　　Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Statistics in People’s Daily Expenses in Xi’an. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below:

　　1、 Describe the changes indicated in the table.

　　2、 The reasons for the change.

　　3、 Make predictions about the future tendency.

　　(图表死活贴不上去，只能贴文章了，^_^)

　　What is shown in the table above indicates that dramatic changes have taken place in the daily expenses in Xi’an from 1995 to 1999. The expenses on food have declined by 30% while those on clothing and recreation have increased respectively by 9% and 7%.

　　There are two factors accounting for these changes. In the first place, the risen income resulting from economic growth plays a vital role in the less expense on food. In the second place, when food presents no worry to the average, people begin to focus more of their interest on handsome appearance and happy leisure time. As a result of such a shift, spending on clothing and recreation increases year by year.

　　From the analyses made above, with the further growth in economy and more changes in life style, the tendency indicated in the table will continue in the better direction.

　正反观点题:

　九、压力

　　Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Is Stress a Bad Thing? You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below:

　　1、有人害怕压力

　　2、有人认为压力并不是坏事

　　3、我的看法

　　In the past few years, quite a number of men and women have chosen to do something less competitive. They are afraid that the stress and strains of work will rob them of joy and happiness and do them harm both physically and mentally.

　　In fact, however, stress isn’t the bad thing it is often supposed to be. Above all, unless it gets out of control, a certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and challenge, and to give purpose and significance to an otherwise meaningless, idle life. Furthermore, people under stress tend to express their full range of potential and to actualize their own personal worth—the very aim of a human life.

　　Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it. What we can do is to develop our adaptive abilities to deal with it rather than to escape from it.

　　十、就业

　　Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Jobs for Graduates. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below:

　　1、大学生难找工作

　　2、原因很多

　　3、解决的办法

　　Job hunting has always been a headache for college students. Though many graduates are employed right after graduation, some are not. Most serious of all, some still have no idea where to go working even a long time after graduation.

　　The reasons for this phenomenon are various. On the one hand, a few years ago colleges and universities enrolled so many students in popular majors, such as economy, finance and so on that the number of graduates was greater than the need in the market. On the other hand, most graduates would rather stay in large cities without suitable job to do than go to the country.

I reckon this problem can be solved if both colleges and students take measures. First, they should research the market and develop special skills to suit its need. Second, students’ attitude towards employment should be changed. They should go to small cities and country. There they can also give full play to their professional

　　5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（强烈推荐）

　　6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（强烈推荐）

　　7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（强烈推荐）

　　8）most important of all, moreover, finally

　　9）on the one hand, on the other hand（适用于两点的情况）

　　10）for one thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况）

hanxiaozheng1986：我问一下是不是已经拍好了 (2009-01-06 22:58:41)

hanxiaozheng1986：现在就是等你发货了啊? (2009-01-06 22:59:02)

dhm7677：未付款 (2009-01-06 23:00:23)

dhm7677：要付款到支付宝----您收到货----付款到我账上 (2009-01-06 23:02:16)

hanxiaozheng1986：现在付款了 (2009-01-06 23:04:26)

dhm7677：好了 (2009-01-06 23:04:48)