翻译
【原文】
改革开放以来，中国的投资环境发生了翻天覆地的变化。20世纪80年代早期，中国限制外资投资出口导向型企业(export-oriented corporation),要求外资跟中国公司建立合资关系。自20世纪90年代早期开始，中国允许外资在国内市场生产并销售各种商品，还允许建立外资独资公司(foreign-owned enterprise)。今天，中国作为世贸组织的一员，改革开放依然是中国发展的核心。目前，外商投资企业的产品约占中国出口产品总数的一半，中国仍然在大量引进外资。
【解析】
1.中国限制外资投资出口导向型企业，要求外资跟中国公司建立合资关系:“限制”可译为restrict; “出口导向型”可用一个复合词export-oriented来表示,“建立合资关系”可用set up joint-venture partnerships来表达。
2.国内市场:可译为the domestic market。
3.还允许建立外资独资公司:“允许”即“授权”,可译为authorize;“建立”可用establishment表示；“外资独资公司”可译为 foreign-owned enterprises。
【参考答案】
China’s investment climate has changed dramatically since the reform and opening up. In the early 1980s, China restricted foreign capital to invest in the export-oriented corporation and required foreign investors to set up the joint-venture partnerships with Chinese firms. Since the early 1990s,China has allowed foreign investors to manufacture and sell a wide range of goods on the domestic market.The establishment of foreign-owned enterprises were also authorized. Today,as a member of the World Trade Organization, the reform and opening up remains central to China’s development. Currently, products of foreign-invested enterprises account for about half of China’s exports, and China continues to attract large investment.
【原文】
有些国家为了处理他们与中国的贸易，建立了专门的机构。CCBC是加中贸易理事会，该机构协助处理两国间的贸易项目。另外一个有此功能的机构是英中贸易协会(the China-Britain Business Council)。该机构设立的目的是协助中英两国间的贸易。同时，中国也帮助国内的年轻人在商业上抢占先机。中国青年创业国际计划旨在帮助年轻人进行创业。另外，中国还发行了一些商业杂志，来帮助中国人跟进国际商业领域的新发展。
【解析】
1.专门的机构:可译为special organization。
2.中国青年创业国际计划旨在帮助年轻人进行创业:“中国青年创业国际计划”是专有名词，译为Youth Business China;“创业”就是“开创一番事业”，因此可译为start a business。
3.跟进国际商业领域的新发展:“跟进”可用keep track of表达，“国际商业领域”可翻译为international commercial areas。
【参考答案】
Some countries have special organizations set up for dealing with their business with China. CCBC is the Canada China Business Council which helps with the trade between the two countries.Another organization of the same function is the China-Britain Business Council. This organization has been established to facilitate the trade between the UK and China. At the same time, China serves for the young people to grab the favorable business opportunities. Youth Business China aims at helping young people to start a business. China also publishes several business magazines to help the Chinese people to keep track of the development in the international commercial areas.
【原文】
2012年,中国在全球经济发展速度最快的国家中,名列第18位,GDP实际增速为7.8%。这是自1999年以来最慢的增速。但中国依然是成熟型经济的代表,因为中国正逐渐从发展中国家向发达国家过渡。自1949年以来,中国政府一直在规划和管理国民经济。1978年,邓小平引入资本主义市场原则（capitalist market principles)。从那时起,中国经济就开始展现出巨大的增长力。在过去30年间,中国的GDP以平均每年10%的速度在增长。这段时期,中国经济的规模增长了约48倍。
【解析】
1.成熟型经济的代表:“成熟型经济”可译为a maturing economy; “代表”可译为:representative。
2.过渡:可翻译为transform。
3.规划和管理国民经济:可译为plan and manage the national economy。
4.从那时起,中国经济就开始展现出巨大的增长力:“从那时起”可译为from then on。“巨大的增长力”可译为massive growth。
【参考答案】
In 2012,China ranked the 18th fastest growing country in economy in the world, with a real GDP growth rate of 7.8 percent.The figure is the slowest one since 1999.However, China is also representative of a maturing economy as it is gradually transforming from a developing country to a developed one.Since 1949,the Chinese government has been planning and managing the national economy.In the year of 1978,Deng Xiaoping introduced capitalist market principles.From then on, the Chinese economy began to show massive growth.The GDP grew at the average rate of 10 percent annually over the last 30 years.During that period the scale of the Chinese economy grew by roughly 48 times.
【原文】
中国是世界上工业产品种类最多的国家之一。这与其“世界工厂”的称号相符。自1978年起,中国已逐渐减少其对国有企业(state-owned enterprises)的依赖。但国有企业依然占中国工业总量(industrial output)的46%,与35年前的77.6%相比有所下降。尽管如此,近几年中国政府在关系国家经济安全的部门对国有企业采取扶持政策。2003年,为推动国有经济发展,中国成立了国有资产监督管理委员会(State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission)。这是一个旨在发展壮大国有工业企业的监管机构。
【解析】
1.相符:可译为conform to. 2.国有企业:可用state-owned enterprises表达。
3.依赖:可译为reliance。 4.国有经济:可翻译为state-owned economy。 5.监管机构:可用regulator表达。
【参考答案】
China is one of the countries with the most sorts of industrial products in the world,which conforms to the title of “the World’s Factory”.Since 1978,the nation has gradually decreased its reliance on state-owned enterprises.However,they still account for 46 percent of China’s industrial output,reducing from 77.6 percent 35 years ago.Nonetheless,in recent years Chinese government adopted the policies to support state-owned enterprises in sections which concern the national economic security.In 2003,China set up the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission to promote the development of state-owned economy.It is a regulator aiming at expanding and strengthening state-owned industrial enterprises.
【原文】
中国火锅（Chinese hot pot）已有1000多年的历史了。火锅似乎起源于蒙古，在那里主要配料是肉，通常是牛肉，羊肉或马肉。之后传到中国南方，得到了进一步发展。火锅包含一个在餐桌中间煮涮东西的金属锅。当火锅保持沸腾状态时，将配料放入锅中。典型的火锅菜包括切成薄片的肉，叶菜，蘑菇，云吞（wonton）,鸡蛋，饺子和海鲜。煮熟的食物通常蘸着酱吃。在许多地区，火锅通常在冬天吃。
【解析】
1.火锅包含一个在餐桌中间煮涮东西的金属锅:“在…中间可译为at the center of,是英语中表示方位的常用短语，类似表方位的短语还有in the north/south/east/west of等。
2.当火锅保持沸腾状态时，将配料放入锅中:“保持沸腾的状态”可译为keep simmering, keep doing表示“一直在做某事”。
3.煮熟的食物通常蘸着酱吃:“煮熟的”可译为cooked,在这里是过去分词作定语，表示动作已完成。
【参考答案】
The Chinese hot pot has a history of more than 1,000 years. Hot pot seems to have originated in Mongolia where the main ingredient was meat, usually beef,mutton or horseflesh.It then spread to southern China and was further established. Chinese hot pot consists of a simmering metal pot of stock at the center of the dining table.While the hot pot is kept simmering, ingredients are placed into the pot.Typical hot pot dishes include thinly sliced meat, leaf vegetables, mushrooms, wontons, eggs, dumplings, and seafood. The cooked food is usually eaten with a dipping sauce. In many areas, hot pot meals are often eaten in winter.
【原文】
中国将加速节能产业的发展，使其到2015年成为国民经济的支柱产业。国务院(the State Council)曾在一份声明中承诺要推进技术创新,扩大人们对节能产品的需求，推动坏保服务产业的发展。国务院表示,节能产业的产出价值到2015年将达到4.5万亿元,平均年增长15%。政府将起主导作用，并允许非国有资本投资节能项目。中国已承诺到2020年，将每单位GDP的碳排放量在2005年的基础上减少40%—45%。
【解析】
1.加速节能产业的发展:“节能产业”可译为energy saving industry。
2.国民经济的支柱产业:可译为a pillar of the national economy。
3.承诺要推进技术创新，扩大人们对节能产品的需求，推动环保服务产业的发展:此处“承诺”可译为vow; “推进”可翻译为spur;“妒大”可翻译为 expand;“推动”可翻译为boost。
【参考答案】
China will speed up development of the energy-saving industry and make it a pillar of the national economy by 2015.The State Council vowed in a statement to spur technological innovation，expand demand for energy-saving products and boost the environmental-protection service industry.According to the State Council, the value of the energy-saving industry’s output will reach 4.5 trillion yuan by 2015,with an average annual growth rate of 15 percent.The govemment will play a leading role and allow the non-state capital to invest in energy-saving projects.China has committed to reducing its carbon emissions per unit of GDP by 40 to 45 percent by 2020 compared with the number in 2005.
【原文】
中国经济被称为“发展中的市场经济”。发展中的市场经济是指经济的重点放在劳动力、商品和服务领域，并由供需关系决定。中国经济在过去几年中一直呈增长态势，每年平均增长率约为10%。因为经济的持续发展，中国的贫困率已经降低。在过去30年里，人均收入(per capita income)增长超过了8%。由于2008年的经济变迁，许多私营企业被迫倒闭。正是由于这个原因，国有经济必须要发展。
【解析】
1.发展中的市场经济是指经济的重点放在劳动力、商品和服务领域，并由供需关系决定:该句可使用定语从句进行翻译，其中“重点放在”可译为put emphasis on sth.;“供需关系”即“供应和需求”，可翻译为supply and demand。
2.因为经济的持续发展，中国的贫困率已经降低:“经济的持续发展”可译为economy continues to develop; “贫困率”可用 the poverty rate来表达。
3.由于2008年的经济变迁，许多私营企业被迫倒闭:“2008年的经济变迁”可用economic changes in 2008来表达；“私营企业”可译为private enterprises。
【参考答案】
The economy of China is known as a “developing market economy”.A developing market economy refers to one that puts emphasis on the areas of labor, goods and services, which is set by supply and demand. The economic growth in China has been increasing over the last few years. The average annual growth rate is about 10%. Because its economy continues to develop, the poverty rate in China has decreased. Per capita income has increased over the last three decades by more than 8%.Because of economic changes in 2008, many of the private enterprises were forced to close. It was due to this problem that the national economy had to expand.
【原文】
每年4月4日到6日左右的清明节是传统的扫墓的日子。在这一天，人们祭悼去世的亲人，到先人的坟头上扫墓。唐朝著名诗人杜牧有一首著名的诗，描述了四月初令人伤感的一幕场景：“清明时节雨纷纷，路上行人欲断魂。”与清明节扫墓的悲哀相反，人们在这个日子怀揣着春的希望。清明时节，阳光明媚，树木和小草吐绿，大自然生机盎然。从古代起，人们就去春游。清明时节，游客遍地。如今，清明节是中国大陆的法定假日。
【翻译词汇】
清明节 the Qingming Festival扫墓 tomb-sweeping去世 depart 唐朝 the Tang Dynasty
清明时节雨纷纷，路上行人欲断魂。Rains fall heavily as Qingming comes, and passers-by with lowered spirits go.
与…相反 in contrast to 春游 Spring outing中国大陆 mainland China 法定假日 statutory public holiday
【参考译文】
The Qingming Festival, the traditional tomb-sweeping day, falls on April 4-6 each year. It is a time for remembering loved ones who departed. People visit their ancestors’ graves to sweep away the dirt. A well-known poem by the Tang Dynasty Du Mu tells of a sad scene in early April: “Rains fall heavily as Qingming comes, and passers-by with lowered spirits go.” In contrast to the sadness of the tomb-sweeping, people also enjoy hope of Spring on this day. The Qingming Festival is a time when the sun shines brightly, the trees and grass become green and nature is again lively. Since ancient times, people have followed the custom of Spring outing. At this time tourists are everywhere. Today, the Qingming Festival is a statutory public holiday in mainland China.
【原文】
赵州桥坐落在洨河上，距离赵县南部约2.5公里。这座桥是在公元605年至公元616年建造的。赵州桥是由中国著名的匠师李春设计的，是用石头建造的，长50.82米，宽10米，还有一个不可思议的弧形桥洞，高7.23米，跨度为37.35米。桥上的石头栏杆和柱子上雕刻着美丽的龙凤图案。这座桥是一座空腹式的圆弧形石拱桥，两边有两个小拱，这是中国最早的拱桥之一，在中国桥梁建筑史上占有重要的地位，让游客和工程师们都很感兴趣。
【翻译词汇】
建造 construct匠师 mason不可思议的 unusual弧形桥洞 arch跨度 span栏杆 railing
柱子 column龙凤 dragon and phoenix空腹式的 open-spandrel占有 occupy
【参考译文】
Zhaozhou Bridge was built on the Jiao River about 2.5 kilometers away from the south of Zhaoxian county. The bridge was constructed in AD 605-616. Designed by a well-known Chinese mason, Li Chun, it’s made of stone, 50.82 meters long and 10 meters wide, with an unusual arch that is 7.23 meters high with a span of 37.35 meters. The stone railing and columns on the bridge were carved with beautiful dragon and phoenix designs. One of the earliest Chinese arch bridges with a long open-spandrel arch in the middle and two small arches on each side, this bridge occupies an important place in the history of Chinese bridge building and has been of interest to tourists and engineers alike.
【原文】
随着中国经济迅速发展到新的高度，中国目前已经进入了大规模消费时代，中国民众的购买力随着中国市场经济的发展而迅速增长。因此，那些追求物质生活的人们只要有购买力，就不可避免地会购买奢侈品。一项报告显示，中国的奢侈品消费总额占全球市场份额的四分之一，且位居世界第二，仅次于日本。然而，从消费观念方面来讲，很多中国的消费者还处在“炫耀性消费”的阶段，这是一种不健康的状态。奢侈品不应该是炫耀的手段，或者是与权力、财富和社会关系相关的标志。
【翻译词汇】
大规模消费时代 an era of mass consumption追求物质生活 pursue material life
购买力 purchasing power奢侈品 luxury占 account for市场份额 market share从…来讲 in regard to
炫耀性消费 conspicuous consumption炫耀 show off与…相关 be associated with社会关系 social tie
【参考译文】
As China has achieved new heights in its economy and recently entered an era of mass consumption, the purchasing power of Chinese people is rising along with the development of market economy. Therefore, it is inevitable that people who pursue material life buy luxuries as long as they can afford. According to a report, the total consumption of luxuries in China accounted for a quarter of the global market share and ranked second in the world after Japan. However, in regard to consumption concept, a large number of Chinese consumers are still in the stage of “conspicuous consumption”, which is unhealthy. Luxuries should not be the tools of showing off or signs associated with power, wealth and social ties.
【原文】
几千年的中国文化充实着中国梦，同时，过去三十几年的改革开放也激励着中国梦。中国梦最显著的特征是包容性和双赢合作。这些也是使中国梦扩大它的全球影响范围和被其他国家的人民认可的基本特征。中国梦是民族复兴的梦。它是建设一个强大繁荣的国家，给中国人民带来幸福生活的梦。中国梦需要维持稳定健康的经济发展，科学管理社会，以及有效应对外部发展的风险和挑战。
【翻译词汇】
中国梦 the Chinese dream改革开放 reform and opening-up激励 inspire
包容性 inclusiveness双赢合作 win-win cooperation扩大 expand
民族复兴 national rejuvenation繁荣的 prosperous需要 entail
稳定健康的 steady and healthy应对 respond to外部发展 external development
风险 risk
【参考译文】
The Chinese dream has been enriched by thousands of years of Chinese culture and inspired among other things by the past three decades of reform and opening-up. The most noticeable features of the Chinese dream include inclusiveness and win-win cooperation. These are the very features that will enable the Chinese dream to expand its global reach and be recognized by people of other nations. The Chinese dream is the dream of national rejuvenation. It is the dream of building a powerful and prosperous state, a dream of bringing happiness in the lives of the Chinese people. It entails sustaining steady and healthy economic growth, scientifically managing the Chinese society, and effectively responding to the risks and challenges of external development.
【原文】
中国是世界上最大的发展中国家，人口约占世界总人口的22%。在过去相当长的时期里，由于诸多原因， 贫困一直困扰着中国。20世纪80年代中期，中国农村绝大多数地区凭借自身的发展优势，经济得到快速增长， 但少数地区由于经济、社会、历史、自然等方面的制约，发展相对滞后。中国政府在致力于经济和社会全面发 展的进程中，在全国范围内实施了以解决贫困人口温饱问题为主要目标的有计划、有组织的大规模扶贫开 发，极大地缓解了贫困现象。
【参考答案】
China is the largest developing country in the world and its population accounts for about 22 percent of the world’s total. For a long period of its history, China has been plagued by poverty for various reasons. In the mid-1980s, the economy of an overwhelming majority of the rural areas in China grew dramatically by virtue of their own advantages, but a small number of areas still lagged behind because of the constraints of their economic, social, historical, and natural conditions. The Chinese government, while working on all-round economic and social development, has nationwide implemented a large-scale program for development-oriented poverty relief in a planned and organized way. With the main objective of helping poverty-stricken people solve the food and clothing problems, this program has gone a long way toward alleviating poverty.
【难点分析】
1.发展中国家：英语中对应的表达为developing country，该句结构简单，直译即可。
2.人口约占世界总人口的„„：此句紧接上文，和前面一个分句共享一个主语China，为了指代清楚并且避免重复，此处的“人口”可译为its population。表达“(数量、比例上)占”有一个常用的词组account for。 “世界总人 口”如果直译的话是the world’s total population或者the total population of the world，但是由于该分句的主语中已经出现了一次population,故此处可将total活用作名词，意为“总数”。
3.在过去相当长的时期里：该分句如果直译的话可译为for a long time in the past，但是根据语境，此处“相当长的时期”指的是“中国历史中的一个很长的时期”，又由于该分句所在句的主语随后紧接着出现，因而可以意译为for a long period of its history。
4.由于诸多原因：此处较为简单，可以有多种译法。“由于”可以用because of, due to, out of来表达，也可以用一个简洁的单词for。“诸多”的表达方式也有很多，如many, various, a lot of, lots of等。因而该分句可简洁地译为for various reasons。
5.贫困一直困扰着„„：表达“被贫困所困扰”较为常用的译法是be plagued by，由于此处表达的是过去已经发生并且其影响持续到现在的一种状态，因而注意时态要采用现在完成时。此处可译为„has been lagued by poverty。
6. 20世纪80年代中期„„发展相对滞后：该句较长，翻译时要注意平衡句子的结构。“经济发展较快”中的: ;“经济”指的是“中国农村绝大多数地区的经济”，在翻译时可以照此调整一下句子的语序。“滞后”常用lag behind 来表达。
7.中国政府在致力于„„缓解了贫困现象：该句内容较多，翻译时可以根据语义将该长句拆分成两个独立的句子，即：“中国政府在致力于经济和社会全面发展的进程中，在全国范围内实施了有计划、有组织的大规模扶贫开发。扶贫开发以解决贫困人口的溫饱问题为主要目标，极大地缓解了贫困现象。” “致力于”可以用短语work on来表达。“扶贫开发”实际上是一个项目，因而可灵活译为a program for development-oriented poverty relief。
【原文】
北京有无数的胡同(hutong)。平民百姓在胡同里的生活给古都北京带来了无穷的魅力。北京的胡同不仅仅 是平民百姓的生活环境，而且还是一门建筑艺术。通常，胡同内有一个大杂院，房间够4到10个家庭的差不多20 口人住。所以，胡同里的生活充满了友善和人情味。如今，随着社会和经济的飞速发展，很多胡同被新的高楼大 厦所取代。但愿胡同可以保留下来。
【参考答案】
In Beijing, there are numerous hutongs. The life of common people in hutongs brings endless charm to the ancient capital, Beijing. The hutong in Beijing is not only the living environment of common people but also a kind of architecture. Usually, there is a courtyard complex inside hutong, with rooms shared by 4 to 10 families of about 20 people. Therefore, life in hutongs is full of friendliness and genuine humanity. Nowadays, with rapid social and economic development, many hutongs are replaced by new tall buildings. I hope hutongs can be preserved.
【难点分析】
1.带来了无穷的魅力：翻译为bring endless charm to。
2.汉语习惯于用并列的散句或短语来表达一个语境，而英文习惯上用整句表述，句内不太重要的信息会用介词短语或从句来补充说明，如本段中“胡同内有一个大杂院，房间够4到10个家庭的差不多20口人住”是 ： 两个并列关系的汉语短句，翻译成英文时可将第二句用with介词结构表达出来，起补充说明的作用。
3.充满友善和人情味：翻译为full of friendliness and genuine humanity。
4.随着社会和经济的飞速发展：翻译为with rapid social and economic development，也是with介词短语的应 用，在句中作伴随状语。
【原文】
要了解中国文化，就应该对中国的戏曲文化有所了解。中国地方戏种类很多，其中京剧是一个具有代表 性的剧种。作为一个独立的剧种，京剧的诞生大约是在1840年至I860年。京剧是在吸收其他地方戏营养的基础 上形成的。京剧有明确的角色分工;在念白上用北京方言;在音乐上以胡琴为主要伴奏乐器。由于京剧是在融 合各种地方戏之精华的基础上形成的，所以它不仅为北京的观众所钟爱，也受到全国人民的喜爱。
【参考译文】
To understand the Chinese culture, you have to know something about the Chinese opera culture. In China, there are many kinds of local operas, among which Peking Opera is a representative one. As an independent opera form, Peking Opera was approximately born between 1840 and I860. Peking opera originated from absorbing the essentials of other local operas. In Peking Opera there is a clear division of roles; the spoken parts are in Beijing dialect; and huqin, is the main accompaniment instrument. Since Peking Opera has combined the cream of various local operas, it is enjoyed not only by Beijing audience, but also by people all over the country.
【难点解析】
1.要了解中国文化，就应该对中国的戏曲文化有所了解：该句没有给出明确的主语，因而在翻译时要注意：增译主语you。“中国的戏曲文化”可译为the Chinese opera culture。
2.中国地方戏种类很多，其中京剧是一个具有代表性的剧种：该句在翻译时可以采用非限定性定语从句结构。该句可译为：In China, there are many kinds of local operas, among which Peking Opera is a representative one.注意此处为了避免在前后分句中重复使用名词opera而在后半句中使用了名词性替代词 one。
3.京剧是在吸收其他地方戏营养的基础上形成的：“在„„的基础上形成”如果直接译为be formed on the I basis of...会稍显生硬，因而可以灵活译为originate from...。“地方戏”可以直译为local opera。
4.念白：“念白”指的是中国戏曲中人物的独白或者两者的对话，因而此处在翻译时可将其灵活译为the I spoken parts。
5.胡琴：这一特有名词在英文中并没有直接对应的词汇或表达，因而可以采用汉语拼音表示。
6.它不仅为北京的观众所钟爱，也受到全国人民的喜爱：“不仅 也 ”常用not only„but also„来表达。此处句中的“钟爱”和“喜爱”同义，在翻译后半部分内容时可以将与前半部分重复的内容省略，故该部分内容可译为：it is enjoyed not only by Beijing audience, but also by people all over the country。
【原文】
中国的官方语言普通话在美国的学校中突然热起来。由于中国经济在21世纪的快速发展，美国的公立和私立学校纷纷在外语课程中加入汉语这一科目，或将已有的汉语教学项目进行扩展。据统计，在美国的学校中，有5万名孩子在学习汉语。但推动汉语项目的发展不是没有遇到困难。由于缺乏受过专业训练、持有证书的教师，一些学校很难加入汉语教学的竞争。当学校聘用教师时，它们通常直接从中国招聘，这种方式为文化冲突埋下了隐患。
【翻译词汇】
官方语言 official language普通话 Mandarin快速的 rapid
课程 curriculum (pl.curricula)已有的 in place缺乏 shortage
受过专业训练 professionally trained证书 certificate招聘 recruit文化冲突 culture clash
【参考答案】
Mandarin, the official language of China, is suddenly hot in American schools. With the rapid development of China’s economy in the 21th century, both public and private schools in America are scrambling to add Mandarin to their curricula of foreign languages or expanding Chinese language programs already in place. By some estimates, as many as 50 000 children nationwide are taking Mandarin in American schools. To develop Chinese-language programs has met some difficulties. A shortage of professionally trained teachers with certificates has made it difficult for some schools to join the competition. When schools need to employ teachers, they often recruit them from China directly, which is a hidden trouble for culture clash.
【原文】
中医(Traditional Chinese Medicine)是中华文化不可分割的一部分，为振兴华夏做出了巨大的贡献。如今， 中医和西医(western medicine)在中国的医疗保健领域并驾齐驱。中医以其独特的诊断手法、系统的治疗方式 和丰富的典籍材料，备受世界瞩目。中国的中医事业由国家中医药管理局(State Administration of TCM and Pharmacology)负责。现在国家巳经出台了管理中医的政策、法令和法规，引导并促进这个新兴产业的研究和 开发。在定义上，中医是指导中国传统医药理论和实践的一种医学，它包括中医疗法、中草药(herbalogy)、针 灸(acupuncture )、推拿(massage)和气功(Qigong)。
【参考答案】
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is an integral part of Chinese culture. It has made great contributions to the prosperity of China. Today both TCM and western medicine are being used in providing medical and health services in China. TCM, with its unique diagnostic methods, systematic approach, abundant historical literature and materials, has attracted a lot of attention from the international community. In China, TCM is under the administration of State Administration of TCM and Pharmacology. National strategies, laws and regulations governing TCM are now in place to guide and promote the research and development in this promising industry. TCM is defined as a medical science governing the theory and practice of traditional Chinese medicine. It includes Chinese medication, herbalogy, acupuncture, massage and Qigong.
【难点精析】
1.不可分割的一部分：可译为an integral part。
2.为振兴华夏做出了巨大的贲献：可译为has made great contributions to the prosperity of China，其中“华夏”： 即“中国”或“中华”，可直接译为China; “振兴”此处翻译成了名词形式prosperity,还可译为revitalization;“做出了 巨大的贡献”可译为 has made great contributions。
3.并驾齐驱：此处指两者(中医和西医)都得以应用，可简单地翻译为both are being used。
4.独特的诊断手法、系统的治疗方式和丰富的典籍材料：三个并列的名词短语，可分别译为unique ： I diagnostic methods, systematic approach和abundant historical literature and materials; “典籍材料”可理解为历史文献资料，翻译为historical literature and materials。
5.引导并促进这一新兴产业的研究和开发：“引导”译为guide; “促进”可译为promote，还可译为facilitate或further; “新兴产业，，可译为promising industry,还可译为new industry或emerging industry。
6.中医疗法：译为Chinese medication。
【原文】
中国通过了第一部物权法，下令对北京的几百座四合院进行保护。然而，批评家们指出，所谓“保存”常常只是拆掉老房子，然后依照传统样式盖一座新的来代替。马岩松曾经说过：“现在的做法就是在假造古董，这不好。胡同吸引了很多旅游者，但这里贫困的老住户要么就像主题公园里的演员，要么就被踢出去，以便富人们可以购买这些房子。老北京的精神正在消亡。”
【翻译词汇】
物权法 property law四合院 courtyard拆掉 knock down代替 replace
假古董 fake antique踢出去 kick out消亡 die away
【参考答案】
China has passed the first property law, ordering to protect Beijing’s hundreds of courtyards. But critics say, so-called “conservation” just means knocking down an old building and replacing it with a structure in a traditional style. For this, Ma Yansong’s opinion is “The way is just to build fake antiques, it is not nice. These hutongs attract many tourists. The poor, old residents are either like actors in a theme park or they are kicked out so that the rich can buy these houses. The spirits of old Beijing are now dying away.”
【原文】
中欧经济贸易合作取得了可喜的成果。欧盟巳经成为中国的重要经贸伙伴，是中国最大的技术供应方、 第三大贸易伙伴和第五大实际投资方。2001年，中欧贸易达到766亿美元，比上一年增长11%，尤其是中国从 欧盟的进口增长了 15.8%。我非常赞赏欧中贸协(Europe-China Business Association)与比中经贸理事会 (Belgium-Chinese Economic and Commercial Council)为发展中欧关系所做出的努力。中欧经济贸易合作具有广 阔的前景。中欧经济具有很强的互补性，在贸易、投资、科技等领域具有很大的合作潜力。
【参考译文】
China-EU economic and trade cooperation has yielded heartening fruits. The EU has now become an important economic and trade partner of China, working as the largest technology supplier, the third largest trading partner and the fifth largest actual investor in China. Bilateral trade reached 76.6 billion dollars in 2001, achieving an 11% increase compared to the previous year. In particular, China’s imports from the EU grew by 15.8%. I highly appreciate the efforts by the Europe-China Business Association and the Belgium-Chinese Economic and Commercial Council for developing China-EU ties. China-EU trade and economic cooperation is endowed with a promising future. The two economies are strongly complimentary to each other and hence enjoy huge potential for cooperation in trade, investment, science and technology areas.
【难点精析】
1.中欧经济贸易合作取得了可喜的成果：EU=European Union，表示欧盟;“取得了”可译为has got，但稍显生硬，yield fruit意为“结果，取得成果”，用在此处更为恰当;“可喜的”可译为heartening，还可译为^ promising。
2.第三大贸易伙伴和第五大实际投资方：“最大”用thelargest来表示，“第几大”则可译为the+序数词+largest，因此此处“第三大”译为thethirdlargest; “第五大”译为the fi他largest。“贸易伙伴”译为tradingpartner; “实际投资方”译为actual investor。
3. 766亿美元：应译为76.6 billion dollars。billion意为“10亿”，而不是“1 亿”。
4.增长了15.8%:可译为grew by 15.8%,还可译为increased by 15.8%。increase的反义词为decrease，二者用 法相同，后接具体的百分比时，要与介词by连用。
5.发展中欧关系：“关系”还可译为relationship，但tie表示的“关系”比relationship的情感色彩更强烈一些， ; 意为“紧密关系”，此处原文中虽没有提及“紧密”，但很显然是要发展中欧的紧密关系，故译成tie更贴合文意。
6.具有很强的互补性：可译为are strongly complimentary to each other, complimentary意为“互补的”。
7.具有很大的合作潜力：“具有”此处译为enjoy显得生动，带有较强的感情色彩。potential后应与介词for 搭配。
【原文】
中华民族的传统文化博大精深、源远流长。早在2 000多年前，就产生了儒家学说和道家学说，以及其他很多在中国思想史上有地位的学说流派，这就是有名的“诸子百家”。从孔夫子到孙中山，中华民族传统文化有它的很多珍贵品质。比如“天下兴亡，匹夫有责”的爱国情操，“民为邦本”、“民贵君轻”的民本思想和“己所不欲，勿施于人”的行为准则。
【词汇】
博大精深 both extensive and profound 儒家学说 Confucianism道家学说 Taoism
诸子百家 Hundred Schools of Thought孔夫子 Confucius 孙中山 Dr. Sun Yat-sen
天下兴亡，匹夫有责 Everybody is responsible for the rise or fall of the country.
爱国情操 patriotism 民为邦本 People are the foundation of the country.
民贵君轻 The people are more important than the monarch.
己所不欲，勿施于人 Don’t do to others what you don’t want others to do to you.
行为准侧 code of conduct
【译文】
The traditional Chinese culture, both extensive and profound, starts far back and runs a long, long course. More than 2 000 years ago, there emerged in China Confucianism and Taoism, and many other theories and doctrines that figured prominently in the history of Chinese thought, all being covered by the famous term “the Hundred Schools of Thought”. From Confucius to Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the traditional Chinese culture presents many precious ideas. For example, they lay stress on. patriotism as embodied in the saying “Everybody is responsible for the rise or fall of the country.”, the populist ideas that “People are the foundation of the country.” and that “The people are more important than the monarch” and the code of conduct of “Don’t do to others what you don’t want others to do to you”.
【原文】
如今，中国正步入老龄化社会，因此独生子女一代面临着巨大的工作和生活压力。中国政府开始适当调整计划生育政策，允许一些家庭在特殊情况下生育二胎。但调查显示，很多夫妻迫于不断加重的经济压力，放弃生育二胎。因此，要从根本上解决老龄化的问题不能依靠出生率的上升，最有效的办法是建立有效的社会保障制度。
【词汇】
步入 step into老龄化社会 aging society 独生子女一代 the only-child generation巨大的 enormous
调整 adjust 计划生育政策 the family planning policy在特殊情况下 under certain circumstances 由于，迫于 due to 放弃 abandon出生率 birth rate 有效的 effective 社会保障制度 social security system
【译文】
Nowadays, China is stepping into the aging society. Therefore, the only-child generation is facing enormous pressure both from work and life. The Chinese government has begun to adjust the family planning policy and allows some families to have a second child under certain circumstances. However, the survey shows that some couples abandon to have a second child due to the increasing financial burden. Thus, in order to solve the aging problem, the basic thing is not relying on the increase of birth rate. The best solution is to establish an effective social security system.
【原文】
中国位于亚洲东部，是世界上人口最多的国家。中国是世界四大文明古国之一，拥有大量的中华文化光辉的古迹，此外，中国地大物博，拥有茂密的森林、雄伟壮丽的瀑布、秀丽的湖泊以及如利剑直插云霄的山峰，所有这些都令世界各国人民神往。但是，更重要的是，中国以拥有五千多年的历史而自豪，遗留下无数的历史文物，其中包括珍贵珠宝、古迹名胜、宫殿及数不尽的雄伟建筑，令人惊叹不已。这种种原因都促使中国成为许多人梦寐以求的旅游胜地。
【翻译词汇】
四大文明古国 the four countries that have an ancient civilization
地大物博 vast territory with abundant natural resources
雄伟壮丽的瀑布 magnificent waterfalls秀丽的 majestic and beautiful利剑 sword
古迹 historical remains以…而自豪 boast无数的 innumerable
历史文物 historical relics古迹名胜 historic sites and scenic spots 建筑 edifice
【译文】
China lies in the east of Asia and it has the largest population in the world. China is also one of the four countries in the world that have an ancient civilization, Besides, it has a vast territory with such abundant natural resources as dense forests, magnificent waterfalls, majestic and beautiful rivers and lakes, and mountains whose peaks reach high into the sky like swords. All these make China a singularly attractive place to tourists around the world. But, most importantly, China boasts a history of over five thousand years with innumerable historical relics left over from the long past, such as priceless pearls and jewels, historic sites and scenic spots, palaces and edifices of architectural richness, all of which have won people’s admiration. You are sure to find great enjoyment from all these attractions in China, a much-admired dream land.
【原文】
唐朝时期，人们就在昌南建造窑坊(kiln),烧制出一种青白瓷(bluish white porcelain)。青白瓷色彩晶莹，有“人造玉器”的美称，因而远近闻名，并大量出口欧洲。当时，欧洲人还不会制造瓷器，因此中国特别是昌南镇的瓷器很受欢迎。 在欧洲，昌南镇瓷器是备受珍爱的贵重物品，人们以能获得一件昌南镇瓷器为荣。因此，欧洲人就以“昌南”作为瓷器和生产瓷器的“中国”的代称。久而久之，欧洲人就把昌南的本意忘却了，只记得它是“瓷器”，即“中国”了。
【参考翻译】
In the Tang Dynasty, people started to build kilns to make bluish white porcelain in Changnan. The bluish white porcelain was glittering and had there reputation of artificial jade, so it became famous home and abroad and was exported to Europe in large amount. At that time, Europeans were not able to make porcelain,so porcelain from China，especially from Changnan，was warmly welcomed. In Europe，porcelain from Changnan was luxurious article cherished by everyone, and obtaining even one piece of it would make people feel very proud. In this way，Europeans used Changnan as the code name for china(porcelain) and the place of its production，China. Gradually, Europeans forgot the original meaning of Changnan，only remembering it is “china”，namely“China”.
【词汇解析】
1.烧制出一种青白瓷:可译为make bluish white porcelain， 烧制可译为 make，“青白色的”可译为bluish white。
2.色彩晶萤:可译为glittering,意为“闪闪发光的”。 3.远近闻名:可译为be famous home and abroad。
4.以…为荣:即be proud of,文中译为…make people feel proud。
5.久而久之:理解为“逐渐地”，可用gradually来表达。
6.只记得它是瓷器:根据前后句，本句可译为only remembering it is “china”, 用现在分词作状语来表达。
【题目】
每种文化都有自己的行为准则，中国也不例外。在中国，跟别人打招呼时，你或者点个头，或者微微鞠个躬。握手也很常见，但你要等到中国朋友先伸手才可以。另外，与西方社会的做法截然相反，中国人不太喜欢被陌生人触碰。所以不 要轻易地触碰别人，除非你完全有这样的必要。最后一点，根据儒家思想 （Confiicianism）的观点，老人在任何情况下都应该受到年轻人的尊敬。你应该总是以老人为先，并对他们表本最大的敬意。
【翻译】
Every culture has its rules on how to act, and China is no different. In China, to greet someone, you nod your head, or you bow slightly. Handshakes are also common, but you should wait for your Chinese partner to initiate the motion. In addition, as opposed to those found in Western society, Chinese people do not enjoy being touched by strangers. Don‘t touch someone unless you absolutely have to.Finally, from the perspective of Confucianism, the elders are to be respected in every situation by those who are younger. You should always acknowledge the elders first, and show the most respect to them.
【讲解】
1.行为准则：有多种译法，如rules on how to act, rules of conduct或standard of behavior.
2.中国也不例外：可译为China is no different或China is no exception.
3.打招呼：即greet. 4.截然相反：可译为as opposed to.
5.在任何情况下：可使用短语in every situation表达。
6.以老人为先：可译为acknowledge the elders first.
练习17
【题目】
作为中国传统的民间艺术，吹糖人（Sugar Figure Blowing Art）历史悠久，然而 随着中国经济的发展，这一艺术正渐渐消失。据说这一民间艺术始于宋朝，当时被称为戏剧糖果（operacandy）。吹糖人以糖作为基本材料，糖人艺人用自己的方法熬ft，然g吹或各种人物。艺人先把糖加热到适当的温度，然后拉一些糖稀（syrup）捏成一团，再用各种技巧做出不同的形状，并涂上鲜艳的颜色。这种艺术是手、眼、心、 呼吸和一定温度所需时间控制的真正结合。一项技术不过关，整个过程都会失敗。
【翻译】
As a truditional Chinese folk art, the Sugar Figure Blowing Art have a long history. But it is gradually disappearing in the process of economic development in China. It is said that this folk art was formed in the Song Dynasty; at that time it was called opera candy. The Sugar Figure Blowing Art uses sugar as its basic material, and the artists have their own ways to boil sugar and blow it into various figures. Artists heat up sugar to proper temperature, then pull some syrup and knead it to a ball. Then they make different shapes by using different skills and paint bright colors on the figures. This art is really a combination of hand, eye, heart, breath, and the timing of temperature skill.If there is one skill you couldn‘t perform well, the whole procedure will be a failure.
【讲解】
1.历史悠久：可译为have a long history.2.戏剧糖果：可译为opera candy.
3.以糖作为基本材料：可译为uses sugar as its basic material.
【题目】
每种文化都有自己的行为准则，中国也不例外。在中国，跟别人打招呼时，你或者点个头，或者微微鞠个躬。握手也很常见，但你要等到中国朋友先伸手才可以。另外，与西方社会的做法截然相反，中国人不太喜欢被陌生人触碰。所以不 要轻易地触碰别人，除非你完全有这样的必要。最后一点，根据儒家思想 （Confiscator）的观点，老人在任何情况下都应该受到年轻人的尊敬。你应该总是以老人为先，并对他们表本最大的敬意。
【翻译】
Every culture has its rules on how to act, and Chinese no different. In China, to greet someone, you nod your head, or you bow slightly. Handshakes are also common, but you should wait for your Chinese partner to initiate the motion. In addition，as opposed to those found in Western society，Chinese people do not enjoy being touched by strangers. Don‘t touch someone unless you absolutely have to.Finally, from the perspective of Confucianism， the elders are to be respected in every situation by those who are younger.You should always acknowledge the elders first, and show the most respect to them.
【讲解】
1.行为准则：有多种译法，如rules on how to act, rules of conduct或standard of behavior.
2.中国也不例外：可译为China is no different或China is no exception.
3.打招呼：即greet.
4.截然相反：可译为as opposed to.
5.在任何情况下：可使用短语in every situation表达。
6.以老人为先：可译为acknowledge the elders first.
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