第十一篇Migrant Workers
In the past twenty years, there has been an increasing tendency for workers to move from one country to another. ___1___some newly independent countries have understandably restricted most jobs to local people, others have attracted and welcomed migrant workers. This is particularly the case in the Middle East1, ___2___increased oil incomes have enabled many countries to___3___|outsiders to improve local facilities. ___4___the Middle East has attracted oil-workers from the USA and Europe. It has brought in construction workers and technicians from many countries, ___5___South Korea and Japan.
In view of the difficult living and working conditions in the Middle East,2___6___it is not 6 that the pay is high to attract suitable workers. Many engineers and technicians can earn at least___7___money in the Middle East as they can in their own country, and this is a major attraction. An allied benefit is the low taxation or complete lack of it.3 This increases the net amount of pay received by visiting workers and is very popular with them.
Sometimes a disadvantage has a compensating advantage. ___8___the difficult living conditions often lead to increased friendship when workers have to depend on each other___9___safety and comfort. ___10___, many migrant workers can save large sums of money partly ___11___the lack of entertainment facilities. The work is often complex and full of problems but this merely presents greater challenge engineers who prefer to find solutions___12___problems rather than do routine work in their home country.
One major problem which___13___migrant workers in the Middle East is that their jobs are temporary ones. They are nearly always on contract, so it is not easy for them to plan ahead with great confidence. This is to be expected since no country welcomes a large number of foreign workers as permanent residents.___14___, migrant workers accept this disadvantage, along with others, because of the___15___financial benefits which they receive.
词汇：
migrant 移民的 allied 与此相关的 taxation / 税，税款
compensate 补偿 routine 日常的
注释：
1.This is particularly the case in the Middle East...：中东地区目的情况尤为如此……
2.In view of the difficult living and working conditions in the Middle East...：由于中东地区艰苦的生活和工作条件……in view of 是个短语，表示原因或理由。
3.An allied benefit is the low taxation or complete lack of it. 一个相关的好处是这里的税收低，或者根本就不收税。
练习：
1.A. As B. Since C. While D. Although
2.A. which B. where C. when D. there
3.A. call in B. call off C. call up D. call on
4.A. But B. Moreover C. Besides D. Thus
5.A. include B. includes C. including D. included
6.A. surprised B. surprisingly C. surprise D. surprising
7.A. twice as much B. twice as many C. as much as twice D. as many as twice
8.A. Similarly B. As a result C. For example D. Anyway
9.A. with B. for C. about D. in
10.A. On the contrary B. In a similar way C. On the other hand D. Consequently
11.A. because of B. on C. because D. with
12.A. in B. about C. for D. to
13.A. effects B. affects C. detects D. reflects
14.A. In case B. In all cases C. In a case D. In any case
15.A. considerable B. considerate C. considered D. considering
答案与题解：
1.C所给的四个选项都是语法连词，但意义各异。这个句子的主从句表达了两种不同的情况，B即some newly independent countries和other countries的不同，用while来连接表示对比。又如：While we eat rice as our staple food, they eat bread as theirs.
2.B这里用where来引导一个非限定的定语从句，相当于in which，指前面出现的Middle East。
3.A call in是“引进，招募”的意思，其他三个选项都是动词短语，各有自己的意义，call off：“取消”，call up：“给……打电话”，call on：“拜访”。
4.D Thus用以表示结果。前一句讲了中东地区石油收入增加了，这一句要讲的是结果。
5.C这里需要的是一个分词，故include和includes都可以排除。在余下的两个分词形式中，应该挑选的是-ing形式，因为其意义是主动的。
6.D这里应该填入的是一个形容词性质的词，surprisingly是副词，surprise是名词和动词，故都不合适;surprised和surprising均可作形容词用，但意义不同，surprised是“感到惊奇的”，surprising是“令人感到惊奇的”。
7.A选项C和D本身都不是英语中正确的表达方式，因而根本不在考虑之列。选项A和B二者都是“……的两倍”的意思，但区别是twice as much用于不可数的物质名词，twice as many 用于可数名词。又如：They are consuming twice as much fish as they used to.他们现在吃的鱼比以前多了一倍。The school is enrolling twice as many students as it did two years ago.这所学校的招生人数比两年前翻了一番。
8.C本段的第一句是本段的主题句，即：有时一个不利之处会得到一个有利之处的补偿。接下去作者举了一些发展这个主题句的例子，故应该填入For example，以示前后两句在意义上的关系。
9.B depend on这个短的意思是“依靠……”，如果后面想表示出在哪一方面依靠别人，那就要用介词for 来表示。又如：Many developed countries depend to varying extent on the Middle East countries for their oil supply.不少发达国家在不同程度上都依靠中东国家提供石油。
10.B In a similar way这个句首的状语表明这一句和上一句所讲的内容是类似的，实际上这前后两句话讲的都是生活条件艰苦这一不利带来的好处。
11.A这里只可能填入一个介词，不可能填入连接词，因为后面没有句子，所以because不能考虑。从内容上看，这里需要的是一个表示原因的介词短语，以说明工人们为什么能攒起大笔的钱，故应填入because of。
12.D solution后面习惯上用to这个介词。
13.B这四个选项词形和发音有点相像，但意义毫不相干，effect常作名词用，意思是“效果”，affect是动词，意思是“影响”，detect是动词，意思是“察觉”，reflect也是动词，意思是“反映”。
14.D in any case 是“尽管如此，无论如何”的意思，如：In any case, we will pass your house. So just let us pick you up at eight.我们总得要路过你的家，就让我们在八点钟来接你吧!in case是“万一”的意思，in a case和in all cases并不是固定的表达方式。
15.A considerable是从consider派生而来的一个形容词，但它的意思是“相当大的，可观的”。considerate的意思是“考虑周到的，体贴的”，另外两个选项则是动词consider的分词形式，在这里是毫不相干的。
译文：移民工人
在过去的20年，工人从一个国家到另一个国家的趋势越来越大。一些刚刚独立的国家把大部分工作留给当地人，这一点是可以理解的，而另一些却吸引和欢迎移民工人。中东地区的情况尤为如此。那里增加的石油收入使很多国家能够召集外面的人来改进本地设施。因此中东吸引了来自美国和欧洲的石油工人。它还从包括韩国和日本的许多国家引入了建筑工人和技师。
由于中东地区艰苦的生活和工作条件，吸引合适的工人的费用是很高的，这不足为奇。许多工程师和技师在中东至少可以挣到他们在自己国家两倍的收入，这是最大的吸引力。一个相关的好处是这里的税收低，或者根本就不收税。这增加了来访工人的净收入，而且很受他们欢迎。
有时一个劣势就有一个补偿的优势。例如，艰苦的生活条件常常导致更深的友谊，因为工人们为了安全和舒适必须互相依赖。同样，许多移民工人能够存很多钱，部分原因是因为那里缺少娱乐设施。工作通常是复杂的，而且充满问题，但是这会向那些更愿解决问题而不是在自己国家里做例行工作的工程师们提出更大的挑战。
影响中东的移民工人的一个主要问题是他们的工作是暂时性的。他们几乎都是合同工，所以要让他们很有信心地事前做出计划是很难的。人们希望这样，是因为没有一个国家欢迎大量的外国工人作为永久居民。无论如何，移民工人像接受其他不足一样接受这个不足，因为他们得到的是可观的经济利益。
第十五篇 Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years20世纪人类平均寿命的变化
A hundred years ago，life expectancy in developed countries was about 47: in the early 21st century, men in the United States and the United Kingdom can expect to live to about 74. Women to about 80, and these _____l_____ are rising all the time. What has brought _____2_____ these changes? When we look at the life_____3_____of people l00 years ago, we need to look at the greatest_____4_____of the time. In the early 20th century, these were the acute and often _____3_____ infectious diseases such as smallpox. Many children died very young from these diseases and others, and the weak and elderly were always at risk.
In the_____6_____world these diseases are far_____7_____today, and in some cases have almost disappeared. A number of_____8_____have led to this: improvements in sanitation and hygiene, the discovery and use of antibiotics, which_____9_____bacterial diseases much less dangerous, and vaccinations_____l0_____common diseases._____11_____, people"s general health has improved with improvements in our general environment: cleaner air, better means of preserving food，better and warmer housing，and better understanding of nutrition.
Genetically，we should all be able to live to about 85 but_____l2_____people do live longer today, there are still some big killers around that are preventing US from consistently reaching that age. The problems that affect people today are the more chronic illnesses, such as heart disease and strokes, and those_____l3_____by viruses, such as influenza and AIDS l. Of course, cancer is a huge killer as well. In most cases these diseases affect_____l4_____people, but there are worrying trends in the developed world with problems such as obesity_____l5_____more heart disease and illnesses such as diabetes at younger ages.
The killers today can be classed as "lifestyle diseases"，which means that it may be possible to halt their progress.
词汇：
Expectancy n．预期
Acute aaj．(疾病)急性的
Infectious adj．传染性的
Smallpox n.天花
Sanitation n．环境卫生
Hygiene n．个人卫生
Antibiotic n．抗生素
Bacterial adj．细菌性的
Vaccination n．种痘，接种
Preserve vt．保藏，防止(食物)腐烂
Nutrition n．营养
Chronic aaj．(疾病)慢性的
Stroke n．中风
Virus n．病毒
Influenza n．流行性感冒
Trend n．趋势，倾向
Obesity n．肥胖
Diabetes n．糖尿病
Halt vt．使．．．停止
注释：
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome(AIDS)：艾滋病，后天性免疫缺乏综合症
练习：
1． A ages B years C lives D countries
2． A in B about C to D with
3． A length B time C duration D span
4． A people B killers C invention D nation
5． A more B less C high D highly
6． A developed B less developed C undeveloped D developing
7． A more deadly B deadly C 1ess deadly D fatal
8． A improvements B factors C jobs D measures
9． A makes B causes C make D from
10． A against B for C to D cause
11． A And B Therefore C In addition D Nevertheless
12． A when B yet C however D while
13． A spread B affected C produced D created
14． A poor B weak C older D young
15． A and B leading to C from D with
答案与题解：
1. A通过上下文可知此处应为"年龄".
2. B bring about意思是"带来"，bring in意为赚取，实现（一定利润），没有bring to这个短语，如果用with，此句话必须变成what has it brought with these changes才符合语法，但意思就不符合文章了。
3. D life span是一个固定搭配，意为寿命。
4. B从下一句可以看出此处应指那些不治之症。
5. D本句举了天花的例子，下一句指出很多孩子死于这些病，所以此处应为一个表严重的词。high是形容词，不能修饰后面的形容词。Acute不是比较级，所以and后面也不应用比较级。
6. A本句后部分说在一些国家这些病已经消失，通过常识得知应该是发达国家。
7. C本句后部分说在一些国家这些病已经消失，整段都在说明情况好转，故选C.
8. B 冒号后面列举的内容不能统一用其他几个词概括，只能用factor.
9. C注意这里的which不是非限制定语从旬中指代前面l句话的作用，而是指代前面两项内容：卫生的改善和抗生素的发明使用，所以which后的动词不用三单形式。cause没有这样的语法搭配。
10.A该选项为固定搭配，意为对某种疾病的预防接种。
11.C前面说的是对疾病的防范和控制加强，后面说的是整体环境的改善，两者为并列关系，但是And在书面语中不能这样使用，所以只能选in addition.
12.D整句话的意思是：从基因角度看，人都能活到85岁，但是虽然现在人们寿命确实比以前长了，仍然有一些疾病使得我们不能都活到那个岁数。所以此处应该填一个转折副词。
13.A those指代流感和艾滋病等靠病毒传播的疾病，those后面的动词是过去分词作定语。spread的过去分词与原形相同。
14.C本句最后指出一些病越来越年轻化，所以此处应选择younger的反义词。
15.B obesity是心脏病和糖尿病年轻化的重要原因，它和心脏病、糖尿病不是并列关系，而是因果关系，所以选择leading to，现在分词作结果状语。
20世纪人类平均寿命的变化 一百年前，发达国家的人口平均寿命约为47岁；到21世纪初，美英两国男性平均寿命约为74岁，女性则为82岁，人们的平均寿命一直在延长。是什么造成这样的变化呢？在研究100年前人类寿命时，我们需要注意当时一些不治之症。早在20世纪初期，这些不治之症经常是像天花之类的急性的高传染病。许多儿童因此夭折（也有其他原因），年迈体弱的人也总面临着它们的威胁。 如今，这些疾病在发达国家已远不能致命，有一些都能被治愈。这一变化归于许多因素，比如：环境及个人卫生的改善、抗生素的发现及使用（抗生素大大降低了细菌病的危险）以及常见疾病预防疫苗的接种。除此之外，更洁净的空气、更好的食物保鲜方法、更舒适温暖的屋子还有对营养的进一步认识，这些总的环境的改善也促进了人们的整体健康。 从基因角度看，人都能活到85岁。但尽管现在人们寿命确实比以前长了，仍然有一些疾病使得我们不能都活到那个岁数。现在困扰人们的是像心脏病、中风那种更为慢性的疾病，还有像流行性感冒和艾滋病那些通过病毒传染的疾病。当然，癌症也是一大杀手。上述疾病大多影响着老年人，但令人担忧的问题在发达国家日趋明显，如：肥胖症产生更多心脏病、糖尿病等其他疾病患者群渐呈年轻化。 人们如今把这些疾病归为“生活方式疾病”，这意味着人们生活方式的改善有可能组织它们的进一步发展。
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