考研英语
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:  Read the following text Choose the b[db:cate]
2010年考研英语真题及解析版|2010年考研英语真题及解析

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Section I Use of English

Directions:

  Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

In 1924 America"s National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting word/media/image1.png workers" productivity. Instead, the studies ended word/media/image2.png giving their name to the "Hawthorne effect", the extremely influential idea that the very word/media/image3.png to being experimented upon changed subjects" behavior.

The idea arose because of the word/media/image4.png behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to word/media/image5.png of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not word/media/image6.png what was done in the experiment; word/media/image7.pngsomething was changed, productivity rose. A(n) word/media/image8.pngthat they were being experimented upon seemed to be word/media/image9.png to alter workers" behavior word/media/image10.png itself.

After several decades, the same data were word/media/image11.png to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store word/media/image12.pngthe descriptions on record, no systematic word/media/image13.png was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.

It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to word/media/image14.png interpretation of what happened.word/media/image15.png, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output word/media/image16.png rose compared with the previous Saturday and word/media/image17.png to rise for the next couple of days.word/media/image18.png, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers word/media/image19.png to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before word/media/image20.png a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.

1.[A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored

2.[A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off

3.[A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof

4.[A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous

5.[A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments

6.[A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work

7.[A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long so

8.[A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion

9.[A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant

10.[A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by

11.[A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed

12.[A] Contrary to [B] Consistent with[C] Parallel with [D] Peculiar to

13.[A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source

14.[A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading

15.[A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence[D] As usual

16.[A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly

17.[A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued

18.[A] Therefore [B] Furthermore [C] However [D] Meanwhile

19.[A] attempted [B] tended [C] chose [D] intended

20.[A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hitting

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.

It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.

We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.’”

Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.

Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.

21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that .

[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers

[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews

[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers

[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies

22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by .

[A] free themes

[B] casual style

[C] elaborate layout

[D] radical viewpoints

23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?

[A] It is writers’ duty to fulfill journalistic goals.

[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.

[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.

[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.

24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?

[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.

[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.

[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.

[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.

25. What would be the best title for the text?

[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days

[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers

[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism

[D] Prominent Critics in Memory

Text 2

Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. Amazon.com received one for its "one-click" online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.

Now the nation"s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known , is "a very big deal", says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents."

Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.

The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court"s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its state street Bank ruling.

The Federal Circuit"s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court", says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.

26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of .
[A] their limited value to business
[B] their connection with asset allocation
[C] the possible restriction on their granting

[D] the controversy over authorization

27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?
[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions.
[B] It involves a very big business transaction.
[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.
[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S..

28. The word “about-face” (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means .
[A] loss of good will
[B] increase of hostility
[C] change of attitude

[D] enhancement of dignity

29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents.
[A] are immune to legal challenges
[B] are often unnecessarily issued

[C] lower the esteem for patent holders

[D] increase the incidence of risks

30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?
[A] A looming threat to business-method patents

[B] Protection for business-method patent holders

[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents

[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patents

Text 3

In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn"t explain how ideas actually spread.

The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the "two step flow of communication": Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends

In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don"t seem to be required of all.

The researchers" argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don"t interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won"t propagate very far or affect many people.

Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades”the widespread propagation of influence through networksis the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.

31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to .

[A]analyze the consequences of social epidemics

[B]discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas

[C]exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics

[D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials

32. The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory” .

[A]serves as a solution to marketing problems

[B]has helped explain certain prevalent trends

[C]has won support from influentials

[D]requires solid evidence for its validity

33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that .

[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions

[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media

[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public

[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention

34. The underlined phrase “these people” in Paragraph 4 refers to the ones who .

[A] stay outside the network of social influence

[B] have little contact with the source of influence

[C] are influenced and then influence others

[D] are influenced by the initial influential

35. What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?

[A]The eagerness to be accepted.

[B]The impulse to influence others.

[C]The readiness to be influenced.

[D]The inclination to rely on others.

Text 4

Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it"s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.

Unfortunately, banks" lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.

After a bruising encounter with Congress, America"s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB"s chairman, cried out against those who "question our motives." Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls "the use of judgment by management."

European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in the real word" and that Europe could yet develop different rules.

It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank"s shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.

To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America"s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.

36. Bankers complained that they were forced to .

[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules

[B]collect payments from third parties

[C]cooperate with the price managers

[D]reevaluate some of their assets

37. According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in .

[A]the diminishing role of management

[B]the revival of the banking system

[C]the banks’ long-term asset losses

[D]the weakening of its independence

38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to .

[A]keep away from political influences

[B]evade the pressure from their peers

[C]act on their own in rule-setting

[D]take gradual measures in reform

39. The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet” in that they .

[A]misinterpreted market price indicators

[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets

[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts

[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets

40. The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of .

[A]satisfaction

[B]skepticism

[C]objectiveness

[D]sympathy

Part B

Directions:

For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)

[A] The first and more important is the consumer"s growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.

[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe"s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.

[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.

[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.

[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don"t eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as "horeca": hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe"s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.

[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail s ales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.

[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.

E

Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.

When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.

It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.

A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.

Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.

To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.

Section Writing

Part A

51. Directions:

You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.

You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "postgraduate association" instead.

Part B

52. Directions:

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should

1) describe the drawing briefly,

2) explain its intended meaning, and then

3) give your comments.

You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

word/media/image21.png

2010年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)答案详解

Section I Use of English

一、文章题材结构分析

本文选自2009622The Economist《经济学人》,原文标题是Questioning the Hawthorne Effect (《质疑“霍桑效应”》的文章。

本文主要对社会上一个经典理论——“霍桑效应”进行了批判和反思。文章第一段从总体上介绍了对霍桑工厂所做的产业实验,并指出实验以一个名叫“霍桑效应”的结论而告终。

第二段承上,具体介绍了实验的结论。第三段指出,几十年后,对旧有实验数据进行分析后得出了与所记载的描述相反的结论。第四段分析了造成错误结论的原因,并在最后指出“所谓的‘霍桑效应’很难确定”。

二、试题解析

1.

[A] affected 影响
[B] achieved 取得;获得
[C] extracted 提取;榨出
[D] restored 恢复;修复

【答案】 A
【考点】上下文语义衔接+动词辨析
【解析】空格处所填的词说明工厂的照明与工人劳动生产率之间的关系,显然这里需要的意思是“影响”。achieve表示“达到,完成”,extract表示“提取;榨出”,restore表示“恢复,使修复”,都与句意不符,只有A选项符合句意。此句要表达的意思是“工厂的照明如何影响工人的劳动生产率。”而其它三项虽然都能与空格前后的主语和宾语连用。但是放在这里,句意不通顺,所以排除。故本题答案为A

2.
[A] at 倾向于
[B] (end) up 最终成为/达到
[C] (end ) with以……结束
[D] (end) off 完结;完成
【答案】B
【考点】动词搭配

【解析】首先可排除A,因为endat不能形成固定搭配;end with意为“以……告终”,后常接名词或名词词组,比如Life does not end with death,故排除Cend off连用时,结构为end sth. off“妥当或顺利地结束某事物”,所以D也不符合题意。而end up doing sth.表示“最终达到某种状态或采取某种行动(尤指经过一个漫长的过程)”。填入空白处后,句子的意思为:这些研究最终以得到一个被冠之以“霍桑效应”的结论而告终。故本题选B

3.
[A] truth 事实
[B] sight 景象;视觉;视野
[C] act 行为;做法;行动
[D] proof 证据;证明
【答案】C
【考点】上下文语义衔接+名词辨析
【解析】分析句子结构可知,the extremely influential idea…是对“Hawthorne effect”的补充说明,可看作其同位语;idea后的that又引导同位语从句,进一步说明idea的内容。不难看出,从句的主干为the very 3 changed subject’s behaviorof being experimented upon作本题所填词的定语。根据上下文的语义可知,C为本题正确答案。本题所在的部分大意为:这个十分具有影响力的结论认为,仅仅是被试验这一行为就足以使实验客体的表现发生变化。其它三项,从语法上都能与of being experimented upon连用,但放入空中语义不通,故C为正确答案。

4.
[A] controversial 有争议的;有争论的
[B] perplexing 令人困惑的;复杂的
[C] mischievous 恶作剧的;淘气的
[D] ambiguous 引起歧义的;模糊不清的
【答案】 B
【考点】上下文语义衔接+形容词辨析
【解析】该题需要结合上下文来解答。后文的意思是,无论照明灯变亮还是变暗,女工的生产效率都会提高,因此这个现象是“令人费解的”,只有perplexing有此意,而其它三个选项虽然也都可用于修饰空后的behavior。然而联系上下文,上下文并没有涉及到妇女们的行为是“有争议的”、“恶作剧的”或“引起歧义的”,故本题的正确答案是B

5.
[A] requirements 要求
[B] explanations 解释;说明
[C] accounts报告;描述

[D] assessments 评定;估价
【答案】 C
【考点】上下文语义衔接+名词辨析
【解析】该句的意思是根据实验报告(描述),……”。因此,只有accounts符合句义。因为account作名词时,常意为理解,解释账目,账单,本题考查的是其不常用含义。掌握account一词有报告;描述的含义固然重要,但只要抓住了their hourly output rose when … but also when …这句话所暗含的两种情况的对比,也有助于用排除法辨别出干扰项。故正确答案为C

6.
[A] conclude 得出结论;推断
[B] matter 要紧;有关系
[C] indicate 表明;预示;象征
[D] work 起作用;工作

【答案】 B
【考点】句间逻辑关系+固定结构
【解析】根据第四题的分析得出,该句表达的意思是,在实验室中做什么并不重要,因此,使用固定搭配It didn’t matter …。本题考查了It doesn’t /didn’t matter … 意为“……不重要 ,其中it为形式主语,真正的主语为后面的从句。其它三个干扰选项都能与空前的It did not连用。其中AC为及物动词,如果填入空格,后面的what从句只能做宾语,这样一来句首的it 应该有所指;但在上下文中,找不到能衔接上下文的it所指代的对象,故排除这两项。Dwork意为起作用时,为不及物动词,但填入后不符合上下文语义,故也排除。所以本题的正确答案为B

7.
[A] as far as 就……而言;直至;远至
[B] for fear that 唯恐;害怕
[C] in case that 万一;以防
[D] so long as 只要;如果
【答案】 D
【考点】上下文语义衔接+固定短语
【解析】联系前面的分析,本空所填句的意思是“在实验中做什么并不重要;只要有改变,劳动生产率就会提高”。so long as 表示“只要”,常用于引导条件状语从句,表明主句发生的动作以从句谈论的情况为前提。此处句中的分号表明分号前后的句子在语法上是独立的;所填入的主语只要能正确表达something was changed productivity rose之间的逻辑关系即可。

其它三个短语都能引导状语从句。Cin case that中的that可以省略,该短语有两种用法:1)用作连词,表示条件,其意为“如果,万一”;2)用作连词表示目的,其意为“以防,免得”。B项其后所接的从句多为虚拟语气,如She puts a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. Aas far as 意思比较多,如As far as I know, its advantages outweigh its disadvantages.就我所知,其优势胜过劣势。但是放在空中,语义都不通顺,故D为正确答案。

8.
[A] awareness 意识;认识
[B] expectation 期望;预期
[C] sentiment 感情;情绪
[D] illusion 幻觉;错觉
【答案】 A
【考点】复杂句子成分+名词辨析
【解析】分析句子结构可知,空后的that从句作空格处所填名词的同位语。也就是说,所填名词表示一个抽象的概念,而they were being experimented upon“他们是实验的对象”正是对这一个概念的具体说明。由此看出,只有Aawareness“意识”符合上下文语义和语境。该句表达的意思是,只要人们意识到自己是实验对象,这一意识本身似乎就足以改变他们的行为了。故本题选A

9.
[A] suitable适当的;相配的
[B] excessive 过分的;极度的
[C]enough 足够;充足
[D] abundant 充裕的;丰富的
【答案】 C
【考点】上下文语义衔接+固定搭配
【解析】根据上题的分析可知,此处需要一个表示“足够”的词,故本题选Cenough本身虽为简单词汇,但短语be enough to do sth.“足够做某事”却是常考结构。加上其它三个选项所形成的搭配或近义干扰,本题则需准确理解上下文意思才能作答。Asuitable 也可用于be … to do 的结构,形成搭配干扰,但填入该项后,上下文语义不衔接。Bexcessive“过分的,极度的”填入后句意不通。Dabundant“充裕的;丰富的”形成近义干扰,但该词不用于be … to do结构,abundant大多数情况下是指某一地区的资源的丰富程度的,放在本空中,明显不合适。故本题的正确选项是C

10.
[A] about (oneself) 关于自己
[B] for (oneself) 为自己[C] on (oneself)
[D] by (oneself) 独立地,无人帮助地,独自地
【答案】 D
【考点】上下文语义衔接+固定搭配 
【解析】本题考查的是“介词+oneself”的用法。反身代词与不同的介词连用,可表达不同的意思。本题的关键是在于弄清itself所指代的对象。本题所在的句子是An awareness seemed to be enough to alter worker’s behavior itself. itself 代指句子的主语awareness。首先排除Con,该词不能与oneself构成固定搭配;AB两项代入原文后,句子意思不通顺,故也排除。结合前两个题的分析,本句的大致意思是:仅凭意识本身,就足以改变工人们的行为了。故本题的正确答案是D

11.
[A] (be) compared (to) 被比作…… 
[B] (be) shown (to) 被展示出来
[C] (be) subjected (to) 受到……;接受……
[D] (be) conveyed (to) 被传达;被表达

【答案】 C
【考点】动词辨析
【解析】空格所在的主语是the same data, 介词to 后面的宾语为:economic analysis;在语义上,二者之间的关系理应为“……数据被用于……分析”。联系上下文可知,the same data 指代前面提到的实验数据。因此本题所在句的大致意思是:几十年后,上述实验的数据用于/接受了计量经济学分析。符合句意的只有C选项。

12.
[A] Contrary to 与……相反
[B] Consistent with 与……一致
[C] Parallel with与……平行 
[D] Peculiar to是……特有的;是……独有的
【答案】 A
【考点】上下文语义衔接+短语辨析
【解析】根据本空之前的句子,“霍桑实验还有另外一个让人意想不到的结果”得知,下面所说的内容应该是与记录中的一些描述相悖,因此需要一个表示转折的连接词。只有AContrary to 表示“与……相反”,符合文意。

13.
[A] evidence 证据;迹象
[B] guidance 引导;指导
[C] implication 暗示;含义
[D] source 来源;原始资料

【答案】 A
【考点】上下文语义衔接+名词辨析
【解析】根据同位语从句及修饰限定词systematic, 此处需要一个比较确凿的“证据”,同时要与动词find构成动宾搭配。只有Aevidence符合要求。

14.
[A] disputable 有争议的
[B] enlightening 引导;指导
[C] reliable 可靠的
[D] misleading 误导的,使人误解的
【答案】 D
【考点】上下文语义衔接+名词辨析
【解析】本题尾段首句,主要考察总体上对上下文内容的理解。misleading一词既能概括对上文研究结果的看法,又能引出下文的例子。根据题意首先排除BC。前面并没有谈到对于所发生的事情的任何“有争议”的结论,如果选择A,则后面应该阐述引起争议的观点。故本题只能选misleading。从语义上看,该项符合语境所要表达的意思,从后面的举例中也可以看出。所以本题的正确答案为D

15.
[A] In contrast 与此相反
[B] For example 例如
[C] In consequence 结果
[D] As usual 通常;照例
【答案】 B
【考点】上下文逻辑衔接+短语辨析
【解析】本题考查了句间逻辑关系。段落首句总说,接着后面的内容举例子进行说明。显然是从“概括”到“具体”的关系。首先可排除Das usual 与后面的always矛盾。而A表示对比,C表明前后句为“因”与“果”的关系;均不符合题意。故正确答案为B选项。

16.
[A] duly 适时地;按时地
[B] accidentally 偶然地
[C] unpredictably 无法预言地
[D] suddenly 突然地
【答案】 A
【考点】上下文逻辑衔接+副词辨析
【解析】根据句意,该处表示一个比较有规律的现象,只有duly表示“适时地,按时地”,符合文意。故A为正确选项。

17.
[A] failed (to do) 未能……
[B] ceased (to do) 停止……
[C] started (to do) 开始……
[D] continued (to do) 继续……
【答案】D
【考点】上下文语义衔接+动词辨析
【解析】所填空之前是并列连词and, 同时根据前半句的duly rose可知,该处需要的是与原文一致性的概念。而continue 表示“继续”,具有递进的关系。因此,D为正确选项。

18.
[A] Therefore 因此
[B] Furthermore 此外
[C] However 然而
[D] Meanwhile 与此同时
【答案】 C
【考点】句间逻辑关系+副词辨析
【解析】本题旨在考查本段第二、三句和第四句之间的逻辑关系。抓住“实验期间”得出的数据和“没有进行实验时”得出的数据之间的对比就找到了本题的突破口。本句的意思为“当对没有实验的周进行数据对比时,发现产出经常在周一时上升”。显然与前句的“当星期一复工时,产出当然比光照改变前的星期六高,并会持续上升一些日子”在意义上发生了转折,故本题的正确选项是however,也就是C选项。

19.
[A] attempted (to) 企图;试图
[B] tended (to) 趋势,倾向
[C] chose (to) 选择
[D] intended (to) 打算,准备
【答案】 B
【考点】上下文语义衔接+固定搭配
【解析】根据句中的时间for the first few dayswhen可以看出,本题是在说明一种常规的事实,所以选Btend to do sth在这里译作“常常……”。填入后该部分的意思为“无论情况如何,工人们常常在每周前几天努力工作……”。

20.
[A] breaking 打破;破坏

[B] climbing 爬;攀登
[C] surpassing 超过;胜过
[D] hitting 达到;到达
【答案】 D
【考点】上下文语义衔接+动宾搭配
解析】所填入的词需与a plateau构成动宾搭配。plateau在此取其“稳定状态”之意。本题所在的句子曾谈到“工人们常在每周前几天努力工作”;接着用before引出句子的状语before在此意为“在……之前,随后”,其后跟了两个含先后顺序的动名词结构。既然有“接着松懈下来(then slacking off)”这一情况出现,说明,在这之前有一个“紧张”的过程,由此可推测 20 a plateau所要表达的含义。Abreaking (a plateau)“打破一种稳定状态”与句中的diligent在感情色彩上相矛盾,故排除。Bclimbing强调的是“艰辛、费力的往上爬”或“(价格)上涨”,用在此也不合适。Csurpassing (a plateau)“超过一种稳定状态”也不合适。而D选项填入空中后,意思是:“……随后达到一种稳定的状态,接着松懈下来”。故本题的正确答案是D

三、全文翻译

1924年,美国国家研究委员会(NRC)派出两名工程师到位于芝加哥附近的一个大型电话机部件生产厂—— 霍桑工厂——指导一系列产业实验。该委员会曾希望他们能够搞清楚工厂的照明如影响工人的劳动生产率。然而,这些研究最终以得到一个被冠之以“霍桑效应”的结论而告终,这个十分具有影响力的结论认为,仅仅是实验这一行为就足以使实验客体的表现发生改变。

此结论是从工厂里那些行为令人疑惑的妇女中得到的。根据实验记录,当照明灯变亮时,女工们每小时的产出会提高,而当照明灯变暗时,她们每小时的产出还会提高。在实验中做什么并不重要;只要产生了变化,工人们的劳动生产率就会提高。只要意识到她们在接受实验,这一意识本身似乎就足以改变工人的行为。

几十年后,上述实验中得到的数据被用于计量经济分析。在“霍桑”实验中还有另外一个令人意想不到的结果:与所记载的描述相反,没有发现系统的证据来说明光照的变化与工厂的劳动生产率水平相关。

这说明也许是实验所采取的古怪方式造成了人们对所发生的事情得出了错误的结论。比如说,每周日工厂关闭时,照明都会有变化。所以当星期一复工时,产出会适时的比光照前的星期六(最后一个工作日)高,并会持续上升一些日子。但是当对没有进行实验的周进行数据对比时,发现产出总经常在周一时上升。无论情况如何,工人们常常在每周前几天努力工作,随后达到一个顶峰,接着松懈下来。这表明,所谓的“霍桑效应”很难确定。

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Text 1

一、文章题材结构分析

本文属于文化范畴,是一篇现象解释型文章,摘自《大英在线百科全书》200711月由Terry Teachout写的The Amateur as Critic,是探讨美国艺术、文化评论和新闻报道没落的,是以19171975年的《曼彻斯特卫报》为讨论素材的,出题者对原文进行了删减。

文章结构分为三部分,第一、二段是第一部分,提出现象:在过去的报纸中有很多高质量的文艺评论,而如今的读者会对这一事实感到惊讶;第三段为第二部分,介绍二战前夕报纸的情况;第四、五段为第三部分,转而介绍了报纸中评论的衰落。

二、试题解析

21. 文章第一、二段指出 

[A]艺术批评已经从大城市的报纸中消失

[B]英语报纸过去常载有更多的艺术评论

[C] 高质量的报纸未丧失大量的读者

[D] 年轻的读者怀疑报纸上的评论不合适

答案B
考点推理引申
解析】本题测试考生文章前两段内容的总结概括能力。第一段只有一句话,剔除枝节内容可以很快地判断出文章的中心:the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.第二段具体论证以前的报纸关于艺术评论数量很多,所以B项是正确的。A选项说法过于绝对,第一段中的“decline”,原文只是说“下降”,没有说“消失”(disappear)。C “高质量的报纸未丧失大量的读者”,文中并未提到。D“年轻的读者怀疑报纸上的评论不合适”是强干扰项,原文marvel意思是“大为惊讶(常含赞叹之意)”,表明其实读者是赞同:这些评论可以在报纸上刊登的。这里的doubt 表示怀疑,所以与marvel意思相反。
补充】考生阅读题干时,需要判断出前两段是一个整体,而且纵观十年真题,不难发现出现这样的提问方式时,都是第一段是论点,第二段是论据。

22. 二战前英国新闻报纸的特点是 

[A]主题自由

[B]风格随意

[C]布局精心

[D]观点激进

答案 A 
考点】事实细节
解析】根据题干中的时间提示词:World War II我们可以定位到文章的第三段第一句话。原文中“unfocused”意思是:不集中的,散漫的,选项A中“free”的解释是unrestricted,所以两个词是同义词,属于同义替换。B项中“casual”的意思是:随便的;临时的;漠不关心的,这几个意思都是和文中的in detail and at length“详细的”,serious“严肃的”,calling“对做某项工作的强烈欲望或责任感”,proud“骄傲”相矛盾的,所以不选。C是强干扰项,“elaborate”可以替换原文中的“in detail”,但是“layout(布局)无中生有,所以本题与原文不相符合。项中“radical”是“激进的”,无中生有。

23. 纽曼最有可能同意下面哪种观点?

[A]实现新闻业的目标是作家的职责。
[B]作家成为记者是值得鄙视的。

[C] 作家容易被新闻业吸引。

[D]并不是所有的作家都能承担新闻写作。

答案D
考点观点态度 
解析】首先,我们根据题干中的人名Shaw and Newman定位到第三段结尾处。第三段末句引用了Newman的观点“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism, that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.’”他认为拥有足够的才智可以在新闻事业上有所成就的人是如此的少,所以我们可以把答案确定为DA项中“journalistic goals(新闻业的目标),无中生有。项中“作家成为记者是值得鄙视的”与原文中的proud(自豪的)相反。C项中“作者容易被新闻业吸引”,是不对的,因为原文说的是被define “journalism” as… 所吸引,而不是被journalism所吸引。

补充】需要注意的是D选项中not all属于部分否定,语气委婉,在选项中出现往往正确。

24. 从最后两段,有关卡达斯我们得知什么?

[A] 他的音乐评论也许不能吸引当今的读者。

[B]作为一位音乐评论家,他的名誉一直有争议。

[C] 他的风格符合现在的专家。

[D]他的作品跟不上业余爱好者的品味。

答案A
考点推理判断
解析】根据题干定位到文章最后两段。文章第四段提到“他写的书只有一本还在版,大部分作品都不为人所知”;第五段又提到“在他去世之前,新闻业的口味就变了,后现代的读者对他的作品没有兴趣”。所以A选项“他的音乐评论可能对现在的读者并没有吸引力”为正确答案。注意have little use for相当于not appeal to,同时本选项还有may,这个语气委婉的词,因为正确答案语气委婉。干扰选项B,原文没有提到他的名声有争议,所以无中生有。项,“他的风格符合现在的专家”与本段最后一句相矛盾。D项移花接木,是利用最后一句话编造的选项。

25. 以下哪一项是本文的最佳题目?

[A] 报纸行业过去的黄金岁月

[B] 报纸行业的消失的视野

[C] 令人惋惜的新闻业的堕落

[D] 记忆中的杰出的评论家

答案B
考点主旨大意
解析】第一段说:过去这些年英语报纸上所发生的最有影响力的变化可能是艺术评论在报道范围和严肃性上的堕落(decline),符合考研阅读在第一段提出文章中心的特点。所以B项“报纸行业的消失的视野”符合答案。项“报纸行业过去的黄金岁月”,没有点出作者对现在的报纸的惋惜之情。C项“令人惋惜的新闻业的堕落”,本选项的错误类型和A项一样。D项“记忆中的杰出的评论家”,本文的中心不是怀恋过去,所以也是不正确的。
补充】考研阅读的文章中心通常在文章首段提出,最迟在第二段首句出现。

三、长难句分析

1. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.’”

解析】此句中包含一个so… that句型,表示“如此……以至于”,在句子中离得比较远,在翻译的时候我们把“如此之少”放在后面,这样能更好的衔接下面的“以至于”。大家注意:…applied by writers who are not read to writers who are。其中who are not read为定语从句,修饰writers,这里的read为形容词有学问的,也就是说这些writers根本没有学问,那么是对于谁来说没有学问呢?to writers who are。此处who are的后面省略了read,就是说,对于有学问的作家来说(即真正的作家来说),那些writers

是根本没有学问的。

译文】“能拥有足够的思想或足够的文学天赋可以使他们在新闻业上成就自己的事业的作者是如此之少”,纽曼写道,“以至于我禁不住把‘新闻业’定义成被某些作家所使用的一个耻辱的术语。对真正的作家而言,他们根本就没有学问”。

四、核心词与超纲词

1. inexorable adj .不可阻挡的
2. coverage n. 新闻报道
3. think piece 内幕新闻、(内容)严肃且(思想)深邃的文章
4. disdain vt.蔑视、鄙视
5. erudite adj. (Formal) 广博的、博学多识的
6. discursive adj. 东拉西扯的、不着边际的
7. wear one’s learning lightly 卖弄某人的学问
8. calling n. 职业= vocation
9. contempt n. 耻辱、侮辱
10. posthumous adj. 死后发生的
11. upholster vt. 修饰、装饰
12. retreat n.衰退、倒退
五、全文翻译

过去的25年,在英文报纸发生的所有变化中,或许最具有深远意义的变化就是这些报纸文艺报道的范围在缩小,严肃性在减弱,势头不可阻挡。

我怀疑,年龄在40岁以下的普通读者无法想象那样一个能够在大部分的大城市报纸上找到高质量的文艺评论的时代。然而有大量在20世纪出版的具有最重要意义的评论作品在报纸评论中占据了很大部分。如今去读这种书籍会使人们对这样一种事实感到大为惊讶,那就是这些书籍广博的内容曾经被人们认为很适合在面对大众发行的日报上刊登。

我们离20世纪初期和二战前夕期间在英国发表的东拉西扯的报纸评论甚至更远,当时,新闻用纸非常便宜,而且时髦的文艺评论被认为是一种对刊登这种内容的出版物的装饰。在那些遥远的年代,主流报纸的评论家们会把报道的事件详细充分地记录下来,这被视为理所当然。这些评论家们所从事的是严肃的事业。甚至是那些喜欢卖弄学问的评论家们(像萧伯纳和欧内斯特·纽曼)也知道自己在做什么,这一点足以让人信任。这些男人把新闻业认为是一个职业,并且对于他们的文章能够在报纸上刊登出来感到很自豪。“能拥有足够的思想或足够的文学天赋可以使他们在新闻业上成就自己的事业的作者是如此之少”, 纽曼写道,“以致于我禁不住把‘新闻业’定义成被某些作家所使用的一个耻辱的术语。对真正的作家而言,他们根本就没有学问”。

不幸的是,这些评论家们都被人们忘记了。从1917年开始一直到1975年死前不久还在为曼彻斯特《卫报》写文章的内维尔·卡达斯,如今仅仅作为一个撰写关于板球比赛文章的作家被人们所知。然而,在他的一生中,他也是英国最重要的古典音乐评论家之一。他也是一位被广为赞赏的文体家,其1947年的《自传》是一本畅销书。他于1967年被授予爵士称号,也是第一位被授予这个头衔的音乐评论家。然而,他出的书中如今只有一本还在版。并且,他关于音乐方面的大量作品都不为人知,除了专业人士以外。

卡达斯的评论还有可能享有在他死后重新流行吗?前景似乎渺茫。 在他去世以前很久,新闻业的品味就已经改变了。并且后现代的读者们很少阅读他所擅长的经过华丽修饰的文章。而且,音乐评论中的业余传统就一直在迅猛地衰退。

Text 2

一、文章题材结构分析

本文摘自Business Week(《商业周刊》)20082月,是一篇法律题材的时文。话题主要涉及美国联邦巡回法院对营业方法专利的态度转变。文章首段指出在过去的10年,大量的营业方式专利获得批准,本段主要起到引出话题的作用;二段中指出目前国家最高专利法庭准备对该专利权进行限制,二段中提出了本文论述的中心话题;三段起到铺垫及背景交代的作用,介绍了对营业方式专利权进行限制产生重大影响的原因——自联邦巡回法院批准商业方法以来引起了对营业方式专利申请的热潮;四段以Bilski case为例,说明限制营业方式专利权带来的影响——可能改变美国的法律惯例;五段以法官的立场说明了法院对营业方法专利的态度转变的原因。

二、试题解析

26.营业方法专利最近引起了关注是因为________

[A] 它们有限的商业价值

[B] 它们与资产分配的关系

[C] 它们的授权可能受到限制

[D] 对授权的争议

答案C
考点 事实细节
解析 文章首段指出“在过去的10年,数以千计的被称为营业方法的专利获得批准。”而二段首句讲到了针对过去10年,目前的变化是国家最高专利法庭准备对营业方法专利进行缩减,由此可知,目前的变化肯定是营业方法专利最近引起关注的原因,因此,二段首句给出题目问及的原因,比对四个选项restrictionsale back的意思接近,而C项的表达正是对二段首句的同义置换,故为正确答案。

A项是文中没有提到的,属无中生有选项;B项利用三段首句出现的asset allocation设置干扰选项,既然本题是道因果细节题,依据题干的关键信息解答本题应定位到二段首句并结合一段给出的背景,所以C项是和题目毫不相干的信息;D项“对授权的争议”是从十年前获得批准以来就一直受到了争议,而不是最近受关注的原因。

27.关于Bilski 讼案下面哪个选项是正确的?

[A] 它的裁决遵循法庭的决议。

[B] 它涉及一项很大的营业交易。

[C] 它已经被联邦巡回法院驳回了。

[D] 它可能会改变美国的立法惯例。

答案 D
考点 推理判断
解析 依据题干中的关键词Bilski case解答本题应定位到二段末句并结合四段的相关信息。二段末句讲到了Bilski case产生的影响“它有可能取消整个系列的专利”,而依据二段首句可知专利的授予是法庭的行为,由此可以推知,这会带来美国立法惯例的改变,再者四段二句指出了就Bilski case在法庭上听证形式的改变,再次验证了D项符合文意,为正确答案。

A项在文中没有提及,B项是就二段倒数二句出现的big deal设置的干扰选项,但文中的意思是Bilski case是一个大案件,而没有说和transaction相关的信息;C项是就二段二句中的信息设置的干扰选项,此处只说对business-method patents进行broad review,并不能说其被驳回,因此C项属推理过度。

28.三段一行的“about-face”最可能的意思是________.

[A] 失去善意

[B] 增加敌意

[C] 改变态度

[D] 增强尊严

答案 C
考点 词义句意
解析 解答本题的关键是依据短语所在句意与前后句意衔接的逻辑关系来推知该短语的意思。三段首句起到了承上启下的作用,二段主要讲对营业方法专利权开始进行限制,三段首句继续讲这一限制带来的影响,三段首句是一个原因状语从句,依据because后的句意“因为联邦巡回法院在1998年推出了这项专利”,而上面讲到现在对该专利又开始进行限制,由此可知,这正是种态度的改变,故C项符合文意为正确答案。而将ABD代入原文,均无法与上下文的语境衔接。

29.由最后两个自然段我们可以得知营业方式专利________.

[A] 不受法律挑战的影响

[B] 经常是没必要地发布

[C] 降低了对专利持有者的尊重

[D] 增加了风险的几率

答案 B
考点】 推理判断
解析】本题考查对后两段中关于business-method patents相关信息的理解。在末段二句的例证中指出“法官们传递出太多的专利被授予了那些明显的发明”,可见B项是对此句的同义置换,为正确答案。

A项是就四段二句设置的干扰选项,属篡改文意;C项是对末段首句设置的干扰项,用esteem偷换了原文中的protectionD项是就四段首句中的risk编撰的无中生有选项。

30.下面哪项是文章的主题?

[A] 营业方法受到隐约的威胁

[B] 对营业方法专利持有者的保护

[C] 一项关于营业方法的法律讼案

[D] 反营业方法的流行趋势

答案 A
考点 主旨大意
解析】此题考查对全文主旨大意的准确归纳。从整个文章脉络来看,文章一段指出在过去的10年,大量的营业方法专利获得批准;二段指出目前国家最高专利法庭准备对该专利权进行限制;紧接着三至五段都围绕二段的话题展开论说,三段介绍了对营业方法专利权进行限制产生重大影响的原因,自联邦巡回法院批准商业方法以来引起了对营业方法专利申请的热潮,四段、五段继续指出各方对营业方法专利的立场转变。由此可知,A项能统领文意,为正确答案。D项的干扰性较强,解答本题也应注意作者在引述business-method patents时的感情色彩,比如在二段末句中的potential及四段末句的is whether都是与looming相近的感情色彩,而D项的prevailing与该感情色彩不符且文中始终没提对Bilski case的判决结果,故A为答案,D为干扰项。B项是就末段首句中的细节信息设置的选项,自然不能概括文意;文中用有关的legal case来烘托主题,因此,不能将此作为文章的主题。

三、核心词与超纲词

asset n. 资产,有用的东西
allocation n. 分配,配置

curb n. 抑制,路边;vt. 拘束;勒住
eliminate vt. 消除,排除
scale back 按比例缩减,相应缩减
stake out 立界标以表明
in the wake of 尾随,紧跟,仿效

四、长难句分析

1. Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets.
解析 本句为复合句。句子的主干是Curbs would be a dramatic about-face, because引导的原因状语从句中嵌套了一个强调句it was…that…,介词with引导的短语又作该强调句的伴随状语,现在分词短语approving…作原因状语从句的伴随状语。
译文】对营业方法的限制将会是一次巨大的转变,因为这项专利是联邦巡回法院在1998年对所谓的美国道富银行案件做出裁决时推出的,该裁决批准了一项共同基金财产集资方法的专利。

2. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Street Bank ruling.
解析】本句的主干为The Federal circuit issued an order.现在分词结构stating…作句子主干中宾语order的后置定语,该分词结构中带了两个并列的宾语从句,分别为the case…panel of threeone issue… Bank ruling。在第一个宾语从句中含有rather than结构,可译为“不是……”,在第二个宾语从句中又嵌套了一个表语从句,该表语从句的主干是one issue is…主语one issue后带有定语从句it wants to evaluate, whether引导表语从句。
译文】联邦巡回法院发布了一项不同寻常的命令,该命令声称这一讼案将由12名法院法官集体听审,而不是由三人组成的典型陪审团听审,并且他们想评估一下联邦巡回法院是否该重新审查他们对美国道富银行的判决。

五、全文翻译

在过去的10年,数以千计的被称为营业方法的专利获得批准。Amazon.com因自己的“一键式”在线支付系统也获得了一项专利。Merrill Lynch的资产分配策略得到了法律保护。一位发明家因其发明了举起箱子的技术而获得专利。营业方法专利从十年前获得批准以来就一直受到了争议,如今,国家最高专利法庭似乎准备对该专利权进行规模缩减。在知识产权律师们对此举的喋喋热议中,美国联邦巡回上诉法院声称他将用一个特别的案例对营业方法进行广泛的审查。美国密苏里大学法学院的Dennis D. Crouch说,正如人们所知道的Bilski案例就是一件大案子,它有可能取消整个系列的专利。

对营业方法的限制将会是一次巨大的转变,因为这项专利是联邦巡回法院在1998年对所谓的美国道富银行案件做出裁决时推出的,该裁决批准了一项共同基金财产集资方法的专利。这一裁决引起了对经营方法专利申请的热潮,最初是新兴网络公司试图垄断对一些特别的网上交易方式的专有权。随后,越来越多的公司竞相申请自己的专利权,以此防范竞争对手“先下手为强”的举动。2005年,IBM在一项立案中指出,它已被授予了300多项营业方式专利,尽管事实是它也质疑授予这些专利的合法性。同样地,一些华尔街投资公司也通过对一些金融产品申请专利来武装自己,尽管它们对这些法案持反对态度。

Bilski案例涉及了一项在能源市场风险保值专利的申请。联邦巡回法院发布了一项不同寻常的命令,该命令声称这一案例将由12名法院法官集体听审,而不是由三人组成的典型陪审团听审,并且他们想评估一下联邦巡回法院是否该重新审查他们对美国道富银行的判决。

最高法庭最近发布了一系列对专利持有者的保护范围进行限制和缩小的判决,紧随其后,联邦巡回法院做出了以上判决。比如,去年四月法官们就传递出太多的专利被授予了那些明显的发明。专利律师兼乔治·华盛顿大学法学院教授Harole C.Wegner说,联邦巡回法院的法官正在对最高法院的反专利趋势做出反应。

Text 3

一、文章题材结构分析

本文选自Harvard Business Review(《哈佛商业评论》)20072月份的一篇题为The Accidental Influentials 的文章。这篇文章讨论了社会潮流得以传播的影响因素,批驳了基于“两步传播”理论的“潮人主宰潮流”论调,提出“容易受影响的大众推动潮流传播”的观点。文章第一段引用The Tipping Point一书中关于社会流行的观点,并加以评论。第二段介绍该书的社会流行的理论依据。第三段至第五段通过观察日常生活人际间的相互影响,指出“两步传播”的不合理性,并提出大众推动潮流传播的观点。

二、试题解析

31.作者引用The Tipping Point是为了 

[A] 分析社会潮流的结果

[B]讨论“潮人”在传播社会潮流的作用

[C]举例论证人们对社会潮流本能的反应

[D]讨论“潮人”的基本特征

【答案】B
考点主旨大意
解析】文章提到Tipping Point这本书描述社会流行风潮是由一小部分名人引起的,然而,笔锋一转在首段末又说“it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread.”进而引出作者对名人传播想法功能的讨论。由此B选项正确。而A项错在consequences,文中并没有讨论社会潮流的后果问题,而是谈到社会潮流的原因(driven)。C项利用第一段最后一句中的intuitively设置的干扰,但文中并没有提到人类对社会流行的直觉反应;潮人的特征属于书中的具体内容,属于就事论事,排除D项。
【补充】报刊杂志文章的首段通常引人入胜,目的是引出本文主题。

32.作者认为“两步传播理论”

[A]可以解决市场营销的问题。

[B]有助于解释某些流行趋势。

[C]赢得了潮人的支持。

[D]需要确凿的证据证实其可靠性。

【答案】 D
考点事实细节
解析】文章第二段首句“the supposed…plausible sounding but largely untested theory…”以及末句“…only certain special people can drive trends”充分说明这种理论证据不够充足。而D选项正确的反应了文中的内容。A选项,原文只是提到市场营销人员接受这种“两步传播理论”,未进一步提到对它的态度,该选项属于过度推理。B选项说法过于肯定,而原文使用的是一个模糊的说法。C选项属于无中生有。

33.研究人员最近的研究发现表明 

[A]影响力来源于社会互动

[B]人际关系可以通过媒体加强

[C]有影响力的人有更多接触公众的渠道

[D]大多数名人受到媒体广告的关注

【答案】 A
考点推理引申
解析】根据题干,线索大致定位到第三四段,但是第三段并没有清晰的找到题解,而接下来的第四段,由该段最后一句清晰推理出了影响范围与社会互动的密切关系,影响能否传播下去,关键在于社会大众是否愿意互动,积极参与其中。A选项充分的表明了这一点。BCD三个选项的说法按照常识判断都可能正确,但是不是文章要阐述的内容,所以排除。
补充】本文并不是简单的考查研究人员观察到的事实,而是考查从事实中推出的结论,因此正确答案不容易直接选出,用排除法做题。

34.第四段划横线的词组“these people”是指那些 

[A]在社会影响网络以外的人

[B]与影响来源几乎无关联的人

[C]受到影响又影响他人的人

[D]受到最初影响者影响的人

【答案】 C
考点词义句意
解析】解析:根据题干,线索定位到第四段。同过分析这个短语所在的句子,“For a social epidemic…; just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with…”此句主要表明人们是如何被别人影响进而又去影响别人的。而C选项恰是对这一点的正确表述。

补充】本题考查的是指代。指代属于考研英语中一个很容易被忽视的考点,最近是在2005年第一篇文章的第23题。

35.社会影响的首要动力要素是什么?

[A]被人接受的渴望

[B]影响他人的冲动

[C]受人影响的准备

[D]依靠他人的倾向

【答案】 C
考点事实细节
解析】根据题干,线索定位到最后一段,“那些被称为风靡全球的影响的现象的主要条件不是一小部分‘潮人’,而是一大部分容易受影响的人”, the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people。这是作者批驳了The Tipping Point中的老观点后提出的新观点。A选项未谈及渴望被人接受的问题;B选项impulse,属于对第四段第一句的曲解;D选项在文章中找不到反应rely on的依据

补充】本题考查细节,考查考生的细节辨别能力,注意选项与原文的同义替换。

三、长难句分析

1. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them.

解析】句子主干:Marketers have embraced the two-step flowbecause引导原因状语从句,其中包含that 引导的宾语从句,宾语从句又包含if 引导的条件状语从句。

译文】市场销售人员认可这种“两步传播理论”,因为这个理论表明他们只要找到并影响这些有影响力的人,这些被选中的人就会帮他们完成多数的“传播工作”。

2. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly.

解析】句子主干:it is…who…强调结构;according to…属于被两个逗号和主干分割开的插入语,阅读时,暂时跳过;by influencing…属于方式状语。

译文】然而,根据“两步传播理论”,正是这些非名流“潮人”通过直接影响他们的朋友和同事引领了社会潮流。

3. They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades”the widespread propagation of influence through networksis the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.

解析】句子主干:they found that…that引导的是宾语从句,其主干是principal requirement…is the presence ofwhat we call “global cascades”for的宾语从句;not of…but, rather, of…presence的后置定语。

译文】他们发现,那些被称为“风靡全球”的现象——通过人际关系广泛传播的影响——的主要条件不是一小撮“潮人”的存在,而是一大部分容易受影响的人。

四、核心词与超纲词

compelling adj. 强制的强迫的引人注目的
cursory adj. 匆匆忙忙的粗略的草率的
propagate v. 繁殖传播宣传
cascade n. 小瀑布喷流 vi.成瀑布落下 n.层叠

五、全文翻译

在自己的新书The Tipping Point, Malcolm Aladuell 声称社会流行在很大程度上是由一小部分特殊个体引起的,这些个体通常被叫做潮人,他们通常信息灵通,巧言善辩,社会关系网通达。这种说法听起来令人信服,实际上不能解释思潮是如何传播开来的。潮人这种被假定的重要性源于一种听起来很有说服力但基本上未经检验的理论——“两步传播理论,即信息由媒体传播给他们,再经由他们传播给其他人。市场销售人员们信奉这种理论,因为它表明,他们只要找到这些有影响力的人,并影响他们,那么这些被选中的潮人就能帮他们完成剩下的大部分工作。两步传播理论似乎可以解释为什么有些书籍、品牌或者社区突然会出人意料的火爆起来。在许多类似的案例中,粗略的调查可以发现个中缘由:一小部分人总能引领潮流,率先穿戴,宣传并发展人们此前未曾留意的东西。这些轶事证据十分符合一这种思潮:只有某些特别的人能引领潮流。

然而,一些研究人员研究发现,潮人对社会流行的影响通常远远不像想象的那么强大。事实上,他完全没有必要去影响别人。

研究者的论据来源于对社会影响的一项简单观察:除了一小部分名人——比如奥普拉·温弗瑞,她的超凡形象主要是媒体的作用,而不是个人交际关系的作用——即使某个群体中最有影响力的人,他们的交流范围也不是那么多。然而,根据两步传播理论,恰恰是这些非名流潮人通过直接影响他们的朋友和同事来引领社会潮流。但是,要是出现某种社会潮流,每个被如此影响的人必须接着影响他的朋友,而这些被影响的人必须反过来影响他们认识的人,如此循环下去。其他人中有多少人注意到这些人,与最初的影响者毫无关系。比如,如果在这个相互影响的网络中,距离最初的影响者再影响远两个级别的人(对影响)具有抵抗性,那么这一连串的变化就不会传播太远,或者影响太多人。

基于人际间相互影响的基本事实,通过对人口的数千次计算机模拟,运用许多与人类影响别人的能力以及被别人影响的趋势关系的因素,那些研究人员研究了社会影响的动力要素。他们发现,那些被称为风靡全球的现象——通过人际关系广泛传播的影响——的主要条件不是一小部分潮人,而是一大部分容易受影响的人。

Text 4

一、文章题材结构分析

本文选自The Economist (《经济学家》)2009410日的一篇题为Accounting的文章。本文主要讨论了银行处理不良资产的会计准则问题。第一段指出银行家认为目前的会计制度对他们不利,使得他们在账面存在不良资产的时候,其账面损失过大。第二三四段谈到这种抱怨产生了作用,美国会计准则委员会的规则进行了改变,使得欧洲也进行效仿,要求国际委员会改变规则。第五六段,谈到作者认为现在的规则比较合理,对需要保持独立性的会计准则制定者表示同情。

二、试题解析

36.银行家抱怨,他们被迫 

[A] 遵循不利的资产评估规则

[B] 从第三方获得付款

[C] 与制定价格的经理合作

[D] 重新评估他们的一些资产

【答案】 A
考点事实细节
解析】由题干关键词complainedwere forced 将信息定位于第一段最后两句,“银行抱怨会计准则设立者设立的规则迫使银行不得不报道大量的损失……”,也就是A选项的内容,选项的表达是对原文的同义替换。B项把首段尾句中的value改为collect进行了偷梁换柱。C选项干扰选项的设置来源于首段末句:Theserules …, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch 其中managers and regulators would like them to fetchprice的定语从句,命题人在C选项中玩了一个文字游戏,考查考生的断句能力。D选项reevaluate未提到,无中生有。

【补充】该题的干扰选项设置出现了一点新意:以往命题人从未这么直接地考查过考生的断句能力。

37.根据作者,FASB规则的改变可能会引起 

[A] 管理职能削弱

[B] 银行系统的复苏

[C] 银行长期的资产损失

[D] 其独立性的减弱

【答案】 D
考点事实细节
解析】该题难度很大,文章前三段谈到在银行家的压力下,标准的制定者开始出现妥协,对银行不利的规则有所调整,这意味着其独立性的削弱。所以D选项为正确答案。A选项中的diminish与第三段尾句中的enhance相矛盾。第二段末句提到银行的复苏将会非常困难,所以B不对。C文章未提到。
【补充】该题属于在否定处、转折处命题,二者属于考研阅读的高频考点。

38.根据第四段,McCreevy反对IASB企图 

[A] 远离政治影响

[B] 逃避来自同行的压力

[C] 按照自己的意愿制定规则

[D] 实行渐进的改革措施

【答案】 C
考点观点态度

解析】答案意为“独立自主的制定法规”。根据题干中的“McCreevy objects to”定位到第四段。第四段提到欧洲的部长们要求IASB立即根据美国的变化做出一样的反应,而IASB不想采取行动,McCreevy警告IASB“不是处在政治真空中”而是在“现实世界里”,综上可以判断出IASB想自己独立制定规则,但是政客们反对。A选项干扰性非常强,属于对not live in a political vacuum的曲解;BD选项属于无中生有,文中未提到来自同行的压力和渐进的改革。

39.作者认为银行“on the wrong planet”的原因是 

[A] 曲解了市场价格指标

[B] 夸大了他们资产的真实价值

[C] 忽视了坏账存在的可能性

[D] 否定了他们资产出售中的市面损失

【答案】B
考点事实细节

解析】根据题干信息我们可以定位到第五段首句。这是一个强调结构,with…解释banks were “on the wrong planet”的原因,也就是本题的答案。所以B为正确答案。干扰选项中C选项干扰性最大,但是,我们回原文定位,Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts.不难发现neglect与原文的reflect是偷换概念。D选项,原文未提到银行是否出售了不良资产,更未提到银行否认了这一点。

补充】本段充满了金融学专业术语,晦涩难懂。但是本题的命制是围绕该段的首句,即该段主题句命制的,从这个角度来说降低了对整段语言的理解的要求。

40.作者对准则设立者的态度是 

[A] 满意

[B] 怀疑

[C] 客观

[D] 同情

【答案】 D
考点观点态度

解析】文章讨论了银行针对“standard-setters”的咄咄逼人的行为,在银行的游说下standard-setters开始妥协,调整标准的制定,使其符合银行的口味,特别是文章最后一段更是明确的表明了作者对“standard-setters”的同情。A选项,“满意”。原文并没有提到standard-setters完成了作者对他们的期待,反而是对FASB做出了妥协,修改了规定,所以作者对他们谈不上满意。B项“怀疑”属于对正确答案的反义干扰。C项,文章谈到了作者对standard-setters的同情,已经和“客观”相悖了。

补充】本题考查的是考生对全文的把握能力,题目的答案不能根据文中某句话得出,必须在把握全文基础上,抓住其中的关键词句进行综合分析。

三、长难句分析

1. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but “in the real word” and that Europe could yet develop different rules.

解析】句子主干:Charlie McCreevy warned…that…and that…属于warn的并列宾语从句。

译文】一位欧洲专员Charlie McCreevy警告IASB说,他们不是“生活在政治真空中”,而是“生活在现实世界里”;他还警告说欧洲仍然可以指定不同的规则。

2. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests.

解析】句子主干:The FASB and IASB have been exactly that…。此句本来难度不大,但是影响考生理解的是that在这里不是引导宾语从句的关联词,而是一个指示代词,作been的表语,后面的介词短语against hostility from special interests用来修饰thatcleaning up rules on stock options and pensionsfor example属于插入语。

译文】美国会计准则委员会和国际会计准则委员会一直都那样反对来自某些特殊利益的敌意,比如,清除了购股选择权和养老金规则。

四、核心词与超纲词

book value 账面价值
toxic assets 有毒资产;不良资产
illiquid assets 非流动性资产
bruising a. 十分激烈的,殊死的
concession n. 让步

五、全文翻译

银行家在公开场合为他们自己的麻烦而自责。但是在背后,他们责备的目标却另有所指:会计准则设立者。银行抱怨说,会计准则设立者设立的规则迫使银行不得不报道大量的损失,这是不公平的。按照规则要求,银行必须以第三方愿意支付的价格来评估某些资产,而非是经理和监督人员所期望该资产能够获得的价格。

不幸的是,银行的游说似乎起了作用。详细的细节不得而知,但是对于资本市场的合理运作起关键作用的的标准设立者的独立性开始妥协。并且,除非银行所持有的不良资产的价格能够吸引买方,否则银行系统的复苏将会非常困难。

在经历了与国会的不快遭遇之后,美国会计准则委员会的规则很快做出了改变。这些修改使得银行在使用模型评估非流动资产方面拥有更大的自由,同时使他们在确认收益表中长期资产损失时有更多的灵活性。美国会计委员会的主席Bob Herz对那些“质疑我们的动机”的人大声抱怨。但是,银行股却有所上升,这些改变也提高了某个游说团体礼貌性地称之为“管理人员的判断力”。

欧洲部长们立即要求国际会计准则委员会效仿此法。国际会计准则委员会说,在没有总体计划之前,它不想采取行动,但是他们将在今年后期完成规则重建之后面临很大的压力。Charlie McCreevy,一位欧洲专员警告国际会计准则委员会说,他们不是“生活在政治真空里”,而是生活在“现实世界里”;他还警告说欧洲仍然可以制定不同的规则。

银行们的立场是错误的,他们的账目将资产估价过高。如今,他们辩称,市场价格夸大了损失,因为他们很大程度地反映了市场的暂时停滞,而不是坏帐的程度。这一现实在数年内将不为人所知。银行股票的交易价格低于账面价值,这反映出了投资者的怀疑态度。停滞的市场还在一定程度上反映了银行的无力:他们因担心市面损失而不愿意卖掉资产,而且也不愿意进行那些应该购买的廉价交易。

要想使这一系统重新运作起来,必须认识到已有的损失并进行处理。除非银行能够将不良资产定位在能够吸引买方的价格,否则美国购买不良资产的新计划不会起作用。成功的市场要求独立且更具有进取心的标准设立者。美国会计准则委员会和国际会计准则委员会一直反对来自某些特殊利益的敌意,比如,清除了购股选择权和养老金的规则。但是,由于对批评者的让步,他们将面临更多迫使他们让步的压力。

Part B

一、试题解析

41.
【答案】 B
【考点】 文章结构
【解析】本题要求找出文章的首段,可用排除法做。首先A选项中提到“the first and more important…”中的“more”应该在前文中提到,故排除。B选项首句就提出了欧洲食品零售所面临的问题,根据文章结构法:提出问题分析问题解决问题,此段符合首段要求,即提出了文章的中心问题,而且本选项中也没有明显的需要和上文衔接的关系词,而其它选项都有明显的与上文衔接的信息词,不能在首段出现,故B为正确答案。

42.
【答案】 F
【考点】段落一致性
【解析】首段一旦确定,本段内容便可根据上文顺藤摸瓜,第一段最后一句话“but”后指出了虽然食品零售商面临着“at a standstill (几乎停止发展)”的问题,他们却忽略了一个潜在的市场即他们身边的“wholesale food and trade(食品批发市场)”。而选项首句便举例说明法国、德国、意大利等国家的食品批发产业的市场规模比食品零售产业要大40%。而且在“moreover”后又进一步说明批发的利润比零售大很多。因此可以判断此选项是对第一段的例证说明。其中“for example”是明显的信息提示词。

43.
【答案】 D
【考点】段落连贯性
【解析】上段介绍了食品批发商的优势,而D选项第一句“All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which…”则对上文的内容进行总结,其中all in all 是较明显的信息提示词,“this”指代上文提到的具有优势的食品批发业。因此D项为正确答案。

44.
【答案】 G
【考点】段落连贯性
【解析】上段最后一句提出的“particular abilities”以及“new skills and unfamiliar business models are needed.(零售商需要新的技能及不熟悉的商业模式)”表明这句是对大型零售商提出的要求。而G选项第一句提到的 these requirements(这些要求)”正能与上段段尾呼应,构成合理的衔接。requirementsneeded属于同义替换。另外G项后半句话“those…reap considerable gains”与D项第二句 Retailers…rake in substantial profits thereby”是同义转述,这也显示了两段前后的衔接关系。

45.
【答案】 A
【考点】段落的一致性
【解析】从此题前文的已知段落E选项中的最后一句“two opposing trends”我们可以推测接下来的段落可能会对这两种趋势进行说明。这两种趋势在剩余的A选项中得到了体现,即一方面由于人们选择在外就餐而扩大了食品批发的需求,而另一方面人们又开始感到“anxious(焦虑)”。而C选项第一句提到的“such variations”在上文中并没有得到体现,因此可以断定A为正确答案。

二、全文翻译

[B] 在欧洲的最大市场上,饮食零售业现处于停滞状态,让欧洲食品零售商渴望获得成长的机会。大多数领先的零售商已经尝试过电子商务,但效果甚微,它们也尝试过海外拓展。但是,几乎所有的零售商都忽略了在自家后院的巨大获利机会:食品和饮料的批发行业,这一行业的市场正是零售商所需要的。

[F] 例如,在2000年,法国、德国、意大利、西班牙和英国的食品和饮料的批发销售创收2680亿美元——比零售业额高出40%还要多。此外,批发的平均利润比零售的要高随着越来越多的欧洲人更经常的在外面吃饭,食品服务业的批发需求迅速增长;这一零散型产业竞争性动态变化最终使批发商之间的联合具有了可行性。

[D] 总之,显然在这一市场中大的零售商可以利用其庞大规模、现有基础设施,以及在产品范围、物流、营销情报方面出色的管理技能,从而获利。对欧洲批发业的经络稔熟于心的零售商,可能会因此指望大捞一笔。至少目前整体的趋势是这样的。仔细观察发现,最大的国内市场之间存在重要的差异,尤其是在他们的客户群体、批发结构以及饮食的竞争动态方面。大型零售商必须了解这些差异,之后才能够识别欧洲的批发部门,他们独特的能力可能打败规模较小,但根深蒂固的竞争者。他们也需要新的技能和不熟悉的商业模式。

[G] 然而,所有这些要求毫不能阻止大型零售商(甚至一些大型食品生产商和现有的批发商)一试身手,因为那些精通欧洲盘根错节的批发业的零售商正准备获得可观收益。

[E] 经过详细研究的一些国家(法国、德国、意大利、西班牙)的批发市场其最终构件是一样的,尽管在细节上存在一些差别。需求主要来自两方面:一是独立经营的夫妻杂货店,不同于大型零售连锁店,这种夫妻店规模太小而无法从生产商那里直购;二是向不在家吃饭的顾客提供饮食服务的经营者。这种饮食服务经营者的范围从快餐食品的自动售货机至大型机关餐饮企业不一而足,但这些业务很大一部分在行业中被称为horeca,即宾馆、饭店、咖啡店的总称。总体而言,欧洲的餐饮批发市场正以同零售市场一样慢的速度增长,但是综合起来的数字掩盖了两种相反的趋势。

[A] 第一种也是较重要的一种趋势是,消费者越来越倾向于外出就餐:在外面而非在家的饮食消费总额的比例从1995年的32%增长到2000年的35%,预计2005年会接近38%。在欧洲,这种发展将食品服务业的批发需求每年提高4%5%,相比而言,零售需求的增长是1%2%。同时,被经济衰退的阴影笼罩着,人们越来越焦虑不安。他们往往更加看紧他们的钱包,并且认为在家就餐是一种现实的转变。

Part C

一、试题解析

46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.
【考点】同位语从句,条件状语从句
【解析】句子的主干是“scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence”,后接that 引导的同位语从句。if引导的条件状语从句修饰that从句。
【词汇】jump to sth“立即,赶快,匆匆……”;to the effect that大意是,意思是;fail to 未能;to the rescue营救,援救,解救;shaky evidence“不可靠的证据,站不住脚的证据”。
【译文】科学家们立即拿出某些明显站不住脚的证据前来救驾,大致说的是如果鸟儿不能控制害虫的话,害虫就会把我们(的一切)吃掉。

47) but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue survival as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.
【考点】宾语从句,介词短语 
【解析】 句子主干we have drawn nearer the point。介词短语of admitting that...作定语修饰point。其中嵌套了that从句作admit的宾语从句。regardless of...作让步状语。

【词汇】a matter of……的问题,大约;draw nearer接近,靠近;intrinsic right天生的权利,固有的权利;economic advantage经济利益,经济优势;presence or absence根据语境翻译为“是否(有),有或没有”。
【译文】但是我们至少已经几乎承认了这样一种观点:不管鸟类对我们是否有经济利益,生存都是它们的固有权利。

48) Time was when biologists somewhat overworded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless” species.
【考点】表语从句,同位语从句,并列结构
【解析】主干time was when...when引导了表语从句。注意两个并列同位语从句的翻译。
【词汇】Time was when可看作固定短语,译为“从前,曾经”;physically weak直接译为“弱小”即可;prey on“捕食”。
【译文】曾几何时,生物学家总是重述以下的这条证据:这些生物通过捕食弱小的动物去维持生物链的正常运行,或它们只是去捕食“没有价值的物种”。

49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.
【考点】定语从句,被动句,不定式
【解析】复合句。句子的主体是“the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community”,包含被动语态。句子开头是一个where引导的定语从句,to be preserved是修饰noncommercial tree species的成分。注意被动语态的处理。
【词汇】 advanced“先进的,进步的”;non-commercial“非经济的,非贸易性的”;within reason合情合理的,理智的。
【译文】欧洲的林业从生态上讲较为先进,它把没有成为商业化对象的树种视为原始森林群落的成员而适当地加以保护。

50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.
【考点】it指代,定语从句,插入语,并列
【解析】句子主干“It tends to ignore many elements”,两个that从句意思上转折,句法上为并列的定语从句,修饰the land community。注意插入语、定语从句以及代词指代的处理。
【词汇】 tend to do sth.“倾向于做某事”;be essential to sth.“对……必要的”;healthy functioning“健康运行,健康机制”。

【译文】这一体系容易忽视并最终消灭陆地生物群落中很多缺乏商业价值的物种,然而这些物种对于整个生物群落的健康运行是至关重要的。

二、全文翻译

完全基于经济目的的生态资源保护系统有一个基本的缺点:陆地生物群落的大部分物种没有经济价值。但是,这些物种是生物群落的组成部分。如果生态系统的稳定性依赖于其完整性的话,那么那些物种就有权利继续存在下去。

当这些非经济物种中的某一种受到威胁,且我们碰巧又喜欢它,我们就会想办法来赋予其经济上的重要性。在本世纪初,鸣禽被认为即将灭绝。46科学家们立即拿出某些明显站不住脚的证据前来救驾,大致说的是如果鸟儿不能控制害虫的话,害虫就会把我们(的一切)吃掉。若证据想要有效,就必须具有经济性。

现在来看这些拐弯抹角的理由是让人心痛的。我们没有陆地伦理,47但是我们至少已经几乎承认了这样一种观点:不管鸟类对我们是否有经济利益,生存都是它们的固有权利

就食肉动物和捕鱼鸟类而言,也存在这种情况。48曾几何时,生物学家总是重述以下的这条证据:这些生物通过捕食弱小的动物去维持生物链的正常运行,或它们只是去捕食“没有价值的物种”

有些树种已经被有经济头脑的护林员排除在外,因为他们生长缓慢,或者它们的销售价值太低而不值得当作木材。49欧洲的林业从生态上讲较为先进,它把没有成为商业化对象的树种视为原始森林群落的成员而适当地加以保护

综上而言:一个完全基于经济利益的生态资源保护系统是极不平衡的。50这一体系容易忽视并最终消灭陆地生物群落中很多缺乏商业价值的物种,然而这些物种对于整个生物群落的健康运行是至关重要的。它错误地认为,生物钟的经济部分即使没有经济成分也可以起作用。

Section III Writing

Part A

一、审题谋篇

本次小作文要求考生以研究生会的名义写一封通知,通知的内容是为全球一体化的国际会议招募志愿者,而且还说明了这个

通知必须包括申请者的基本职位要求及你认为相关的其他信息。

“通知”这一事务公文,目的在于督促或通知对方参加活动,具体来讲,此次作文题目涉及招募志愿者。格式上,题目、正文以及署名是必不可少的部分。标题应放在首行正中央;正文应写1-3段,5-7句即可;落款写在中间偏后位置,与正文之间不需空行;告示类中通知的日期应放在落款的下方。语言上,除了注意正确性外,还应在表达上直截了当,简洁明了,可适当使用被动句表达。内容上,题目要求写招募职位,以及相关信息。关于职位,可写涉及前台接待、会场指引、乘车指引、英文翻译等服务的岗位。此外,还可以对志愿者提出要求,志愿者应该工作认真负责、积极主动并具有团队合作精神,另外还需要沟通能力强,具有较好的英语口语和听力水平等。其他相关信息,可以提及会议时间、地点以及将怎样安排志愿者等。

二、参考范文

Notice

Volunteers for the International Conference of Global Integration are needed. Anyone who has a good command of English and who is experienced in cross-cultural communication is expected to take part in this activity. The major tasks for this position are as follows: to begin with, to propaganda the theme of globalization to people all over the world; in addition, to provide English-Chinese interpretation service to those representatives of the international conference, aiming at facilitating the process of the meeting; at last, you should be strictly available according to the time schedule of the conference. Those who are interested in this post are cordially welcome! Please contact us at: 010-********, before March 1st, 2010.

Postgraduates’ Association

January 9th, 2010

三、万能句型

1. Postgraduates’ Association is recently looking for Volunteers for the International Conference of Global Integration.
2. The volunteers are requested to …
3. Applicants should be …
4. For those who are interested in taking part in the activity, please send your resume to the email address: …

5. If you are interested, please send your resume to the following email: …

Part B

一、审题谋篇

本题为图画作文中的现象阐释题型,图画上是一个热气腾腾的火锅,里面包括着诸如“功夫”、“儒”、“道”、“京剧”、“老舍”、“解构”、“莎士比亚”等标志着中西文化的词。很明显,图画的含义是关于文化交流的,有交流就有冲突,但是图画下面的文字“文化‘火锅’,既美味又营养”揭示了这幅图积极向上的寓意,即各种各样的东西方文化元素交汇融合,民族的文化可以成为世界的,这一趋势有利于人类发展。由此可见,本次作文的主题是文化融合。

提纲包括三点,一是描述图片,二是解释含义,三是对此现象做出评论。文章也遵循三段式,第一段描述图片中的各类文化元素。第二段点题,阐释图画的含义,最好在段首设置主题句,然后围绕主题句展开,最后再稍作总结,也就是用总分总的结构。第三段对此现象进行评论,可以提出建议,也可以讲世界文化的融合、交流是时代的潮流,同时要继续保持和振兴各民族文化。

二、参考范文

As is portrayed in the enlightening picture, a hot pot, with numerous ingredients in it, includes such domestic and alien cultures as literature, moral values and performing arts. It seems that the hot pot tastes very delicious because of the rich nutrition of the multi-cultures.

Obviously, the picture characterizes the present situation of Chinese society in which Chinese and Western culture conflict with each other but also merge into a unique form to a certain degree. Since China has opened its door widely to the outside world, many people from different countries have been deeply fascinated by Chinese culture. They will accept and love the Chinese culture as a whole. In addition, Chinese culture should be well shared with foreign people, who have shown their enthusiasm towards China. Meanwhile, the Chinese people are also exposed to foreign cultures when more foreign people come to this oriental country. In this way people from various nations in the world will be able to acquire better understanding of each other and live peacefully in this world.

As far as I am concerned, the culture of any nation is a kind of precious heritage, and belongs to the whole mankind. With economic globalization, the blending of different cultures has become inevitable trend of the time. No country is an isolated island, be it China or the western world. The clearer we grasp the current situation, the more it would be beneficial to the global villagers.

三、万能句型

1. As is portrayed in the enlightening picture, …
2. Obviously, the picture characterizes the present situation of Chinese society in which …
3. It seems that …
4. In addition, … Meanwhile, …
5. As far as I am concerned, …

2010年考研英语真题及解析版|2010年考研英语真题及解析

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